Abstract
Creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis palustris Huds.) is an extensively used cool-season grass for fine turf areas such as golf course putting greens, but suffers from poor summer stress tolerance. These studies were conducted to investigate the influences of natural plant growth regulators (NPGR) and Fe on creeping bentgrass photochemical activity (PA), antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, root growth and leaf color under two fertilization regimes. The bentgrass was maintained in well-watered field conditions or water-stressed glasshouse conditions. A mature bentgrass was treated monthly during the field season with seaweed ( Ascophyllum nodosum Jol.) extract (SWE) at 50 mg·m -2 or humic acid (HA) at 150 mg·m -2 or in combination with or without FeSO 4 at 520 mg·m -2 and grown under a low or a high fertilization regime. Foliar application of SWE + Fe increased PA (14% to 15%), while applications of SWE + HA or SWE + HA + Fe increased SOD activity (49% to 114%) of creeping bentgrass in Summer 1997 and Summer 1998. There was no significant fertilization × NPGR interaction for PA and SOD activity. Bentgrass PA was increased by 13% to 46% when treated with NPGR with or without Fe compared to the control measured in May. The addition of Fe with each NPGR application improved fall and winter leaf color. All NPGR and Fe treatments increased root mass (17% to 29%) in Aug. 1997 and 1998, except HA alone in 1998. Under sustained low soil moisture (-0.5 MPa) conditions, application of NPGR with or without Fe increased PA and SOD activity. The data indicate that SWE and HA enhance the physiological function of `Southshore' creeping bentgrass, resulting in improved root growth regardless of low or high fertilization regime. However, addition of Fe to these NPGR served primarily to improve late season leaf color. The results suggest that, in addition to maintaining adequate plant-available nutrients, applications of natural PGRs, such as SWE and HA, prior to and during summer abiotic stresses would be beneficial.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
SWE plus iron increased photochemical activity by 14% to 15%.
- Taxon
- Creeping bentgrass
Agrostis stoloniferae1 - Treatment
- SWE + Fee0
- Outcome
- PAe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14% to 15%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of SWE + Fe increased PA (14% to 15%)”
e1“Creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis palustris Huds.)”
Claim · model-written summary
SWE plus HA increased SOD activity within the reported 49% to 114% range.
- Taxon
- Creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- SWE + HAe0
- Outcome
- SOD activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 49% to 114%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“applications of SWE + HA or SWE + HA + Fe increased SOD activity (49% to 114%)”
e1“Creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis palustris Huds.)”
Claim · model-written summary
SWE plus HA plus iron increased SOD activity within the reported 49% to 114% range.
- Taxon
- Creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- SWE + HA + Fee0
- Outcome
- SOD activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 49% to 114%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“applications of SWE + HA or SWE + HA + Fe increased SOD activity (49% to 114%)”
e1“Creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis palustris Huds.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization and natural growth regulators had no significant interaction for photochemical activity and SOD activity.
- Taxon
- Creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- fertilization × NPGRe0
- Outcome
- PA and SOD activitye0
- Direction
- no significante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no significant fertilization × NPGR interaction for PA and SOD activity.”
e1“Creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis palustris Huds.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Natural growth regulators with or without iron increased May photochemical activity 13% to 46% against control.
- Taxon
- Creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- NPGR with or without Fee0
- Outcome
- Bentgrass PAe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13% to 46%e0
- Qualifier
- Maye0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bentgrass PA was increased by 13% to 46% when treated with NPGR with or without Fe compared to the control measured in May.”
e1“Creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis palustris Huds.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding iron to each growth regulator treatment improved fall and winter leaf color.
- Taxon
- Creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- addition of Fe with each NPGR applicatione0
- Outcome
- fall and winter leaf colore0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of Fe with each NPGR application improved fall and winter leaf color.”
e1“Creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis palustris Huds.)”
Claim · model-written summary
All growth regulator and iron treatments except HA alone in 1998 increased root mass 17% to 29%.
- Taxon
- Creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- All NPGR and Fe treatmentse0
- Outcome
- root masse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17% to 29%e0
- Qualifier
- except HA alone in 1998e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All NPGR and Fe treatments increased root mass (17% to 29%) in Aug. 1997 and 1998, except HA alone in 1998.”
e1“Creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis palustris Huds.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under sustained low soil moisture, natural growth regulators with or without iron increased photochemical activity and SOD activity.
- Taxon
- Creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- application of NPGR with or without Fee0
- Outcome
- PA and SOD activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- sustained low soil moisture (-0.5 MPa) conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under sustained low soil moisture (-0.5 MPa) conditions, application of NPGR with or without Fe increased PA and SOD activity.”
e1“Creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis palustris Huds.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend natural growth regulator applications before and during summer abiotic stress.
- Taxon
- Creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Outcome
- applications of natural PGRs, such as SWE and HA, prior to and during summer abiotic stressese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“applications of natural PGRs, such as SWE and HA, prior to and during summer abiotic stresses would be beneficial”
e1“Creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis palustris Huds.)”
The same questions in other papers
iron atom · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
iron atom · growth · Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
iron atom · quality: postharvest · Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
other · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
class · growth · Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
class · quality: postharvest · Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.