Abstract
The specific forms of disease resistance induced by β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) and their impacts on sucrose metabolism of postharvest strawberries were determined in the present research. Treatment with 10-500 mmol L(-1) BABA inhibited the Botrytis cinerea infection, possibly directly by suppressing the fungus growth and indirectly by triggering disease resistance. Moreover, BABA-induced resistance against B. cinerea infection in strawberries was associated with either one of two mechanisms, depending upon the concentration used: BABA at concentrations higher than 100 mmol L(-1) directly induced the defense response, including a H2O2 burst, modulation of the expression of PR genes, including FaPR1, FaChi3, Faβglu, and FaPAL, and increased activities of chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, and PAL, whereas BABA at 10 mmol L(-1) activated a priming response because the BABA-treated fruits exhibited an increased capacity to express molecular defense only when the fruits were inoculated with B. cinerea. Activation of the priming defense appeared almost as effective against B. cinerea as inducing direct defense. However, the primed strawberries maintained higher activities of SS synthesis and SPS and SPP enzymes) and lower level of SS cleavage during the incubation; these activities contributed to higher sucrose, fructose, and glucose contents, sweetness index, and sensory scores compared to fruits exhibiting the direct defense. Thus, it is plausible that the priming defense, which can be activated by BABA at relatively low concentrations, represents an optimal strategy for combining the advantages of enhanced disease protection and soluble sugar accumulation.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
BABA inhibited Botrytis infection in strawberries.
- Taxon
- Strawberries
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Treatment
- 10-500 mmol L(-1) BABAe0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- Botrytis cinerea infectione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Strawberries”
e0“Treatment with 10-500 mmol L(-1) BABA inhibited the Botrytis cinerea infection”
Claim · model-written summary
High concentration BABA directly induced strawberry defense responses including a peroxide burst.
- Taxon
- StrawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- BABA at concentrations higher than 100 mmol L(-1)e0
- Outcome
- defense responsee0
- Direction
- inducede0
- Qualifier
- H2O2 burste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberries”
e0“BABA at concentrations higher than 100 mmol L(-1) directly induced the defense response, including a H2O2 burst, modulation of the expression of PR genes, including FaPR1, FaChi3, Faβglu, and FaPAL, and increased activities of chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, and PAL”
Claim · model-written summary
High concentration BABA modulated strawberry PR gene expression.
- Taxon
- StrawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- BABA at concentrations higher than 100 mmol L(-1)e0
- Gene
- FaPR1, FaChi3, Faβglu, and FaPALe0
- Outcome
- modulation of the expression of PR genese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberries”
e0“BABA at concentrations higher than 100 mmol L(-1) directly induced the defense response, including a H2O2 burst, modulation of the expression of PR genes, including FaPR1, FaChi3, Faβglu, and FaPAL”
Claim · model-written summary
High concentration BABA increased defense enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- StrawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- BABA at concentrations higher than 100 mmol L(-1)e0
- Gene
- chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, and PALe0
- Outcome
- activities of chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, and PALe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberries”
e0“BABA at concentrations higher than 100 mmol L(-1) directly induced the defense response, including a H2O2 burst, modulation of the expression of PR genes, including FaPR1, FaChi3, Faβglu, and FaPAL, and increased activities of chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, and PAL”
Claim · model-written summary
Low concentration BABA primed defense expression only after Botrytis inoculation.
- Taxon
- StrawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- BABA at 10 mmol L(-1)e0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- capacity to express molecular defensee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- only when the fruits were inoculated with B. cinereae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberries”
e0“BABA at 10 mmol L(-1) activated a priming response because the BABA-treated fruits exhibited an increased capacity to express molecular defense only when the fruits were inoculated with B. cinerea”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming defense appeared nearly as effective against Botrytis as direct defense.
- Taxon
- StrawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- almost as effective against B. cinereae0
- Comparator
- direct defensee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberries”
e0“Activation of the priming defense appeared almost as effective against B. cinerea as inducing direct defense.”
Claim · model-written summary
Primed strawberries retained higher sugar synthesis enzyme activities than direct-defense fruits.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassae0
- Gene
- SS synthesis and SPS and SPP enzymese0
- Outcome
- activities of SS synthesis and SPS and SPP enzymese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- fruits exhibiting the direct defensee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the primed strawberries maintained higher activities of SS synthesis and SPS and SPP enzymes) and lower level of SS cleavage during the incubation; these activities contributed to higher sucrose, fructose, and glucose contents, sweetness index, and sensory scores compared to fruits exhibiting the direct defense.”
Claim · model-written summary
Primed strawberries had lower SS cleavage than direct-defense fruits.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassae0
- Outcome
- SS cleavagee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- fruits exhibiting the direct defensee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the primed strawberries maintained higher activities of SS synthesis and SPS and SPP enzymes) and lower level of SS cleavage during the incubation; these activities contributed to higher sucrose, fructose, and glucose contents, sweetness index, and sensory scores compared to fruits exhibiting the direct defense.”
Claim · model-written summary
Primed strawberries had higher soluble sugars, sweetness index and sensory scores than direct-defense fruit.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassae0
- Outcome
- sucrose, fructose, and glucose contents, sweetness index, and sensory scorese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- fruits exhibiting the direct defensee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the primed strawberries maintained higher activities of SS synthesis and SPS and SPP enzymes) and lower level of SS cleavage during the incubation; these activities contributed to higher sucrose, fructose, and glucose contents, sweetness index, and sensory scores compared to fruits exhibiting the direct defense.”
The same questions in other papers
3-aminobutanoic acid · Botrytis cinerea · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.