Abstract
Field studies were conducted in 2004 to evaluate corn tolerance, weed control, grain yield, and net returns in transgenic and non-transgenic corn with various herbicide systems. No significant differences between hybrid systems were observed for weed control. Grain yield was variable between hybrids and locations due to environmental differences. Consequently, net returns for each hybrid system within a location were also variable. Studies were conducted at three locations in North Carolina in 2004 to evaluate density-dependent effects of glyphosate-resistant (GR) corn on GR cotton growth and lint yield. The examined GR corn densities had a significant effect on cotton yield, but not as significant as many other problematic grass and broadleaf weeds. Two studies were conducted to investigate the influence of corn growth stage on the absorption and translocation of glyphosate in glyphosate-resistant (GR) corn. Regardless of corn growth stage, the leaves above the treated leaf and roots were the greatest sinks for 14C-glyphosate. These data suggest that reproductive tissues such as the tassel and ear shoots can accumulate 14C-glyphosate at higher concentrations that other tissues, especially when the herbicide treatment is applied postemergence after the V6 stage. Studies were conducted to evaluate absorption and translocation of 14C-glyphosate in both commercial glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton events [GR event 1, released 1997 (GRE1) and GR event 2, released 2006 (GRE2)] were evaluated at the 4-leaf (L) and 8-L growth stages. Glyphosate absorption, as a percentage of applied, increased over time. In 8-L cotton, glyphosate absorption was not different between events. Glyphosate translocation patterns were not different between events or harvest timings and exhibited a source-sink relationship. Based on the percentage of 14C exported out of the treated leaf, glyphosate and sucrose translocation patterns were similar, indicating that glyphosate may be used as a photoassimilate model in GRE2 cotton. Studies examined various morphological characteristics and 14C-glyphosate translocation in cotton as influenced by 14C-treatment timing and mepiquat chloride (MC). No significant differences in plant height, leaf area, and specific leaf weight were observed for any treatment. Dry weight of first position fruits on nodes 1, 2, and 3 of MC treated plants accumulated greater biomass compared to fruits on non-treated plants. No significant observations were found for 14C-glyphosate translocation. These data support previous research that showed increased fruit weight and provides insight into the potential for MC treatment to alter source to sink relationship in cotton. Studies examined various morphological characteristics and 14C-glyphosate translocation in cotton as influenced by cotton plant growth regulator regimes and source leaf. MC and MP reduced cotton height and the number of nodes per plant. Total fruit retention and first position fruit retention were not influenced by any treatment. Based on these data, MC and MP do not influence 14C-glyphosate translocation. Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the rain-free requirement for mepiquat chloride and mepiquat chloride plus cyclanilide with and without surfactant and to evaluate absorption and translocation of cyclanilide. Based on these data, a rain-free period of 8 hours is needed to maximize efficacy, regardless of plant growth regulator or the use of surfactant. Absorption of cyclanilide ranged from 11 to 15% at 3 and 48 HAT, respectively. Averaged over harvest intervals, 18% of the applied cyclanilide remained in the treated leaf while 1.7 and 6.5% of the applied cyclanilide was found in the above and below treated leaf tissue, respectively.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Weed control did not differ significantly between corn hybrid systems.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse1 - Outcome
- weed controle0
- Direction
- No significant differencese0
- Comparator
- hybrid systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant differences between hybrid systems were observed for weed control”
t0“Crops”
e1“The examined GR corn densities had a significant effect on cotton yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn grain yield varied among hybrids and locations with environmental differences.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Material
- hybridse0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Setting
- locationse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield was variable between hybrids and locations due to environmental differences”
t0“Crops”
e1“The examined GR corn densities had a significant effect on cotton yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Net returns varied for each hybrid system within a location.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Outcome
- net returnse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“net returns for each hybrid system within a location were also variable”
t0“Crops”
e1“The examined GR corn densities had a significant effect on cotton yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate-resistant corn density significantly affected cotton yield.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- GR corn densitiese0
- Interactor
- GR corne0weed
- Outcome
- cotton yielde0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The examined GR corn densities had a significant effect on cotton yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaves above the treated leaf and roots were the greatest sinks for labeled glyphosate regardless of corn stage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Organ / stage
- leaves above the treated leaf and rootse0
- Outcome
- greatest sinks for 14C-glyphosatee0
- Direction
- greateste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Regardless of corn growth stage, the leaves above the treated leaf and roots were the greatest sinks for 14C-glyphosate”
Claim · model-written summary
Reproductive corn tissues may accumulate more labeled glyphosate, especially following treatment after V6.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Organ / stage
- tassel and ear shootse0
- Outcome
- 14C-glyphosatee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- after the V6 stagee0
- Comparator
- other tissuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reproductive tissues such as the tassel and ear shoots can accumulate 14C-glyphosate at higher concentrations that other tissues, especially when the herbicide treatment is applied postemergence after the V6 stage”
t0“Crops”
e1“The examined GR corn densities had a significant effect on cotton yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton glyphosate absorption increased over time.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- Glyphosate absorptione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glyphosate absorption, as a percentage of applied, increased over time”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate absorption at the eight-leaf stage did not differ between cotton events.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Organ / stage
- 8-Le0
- Outcome
- glyphosate absorptione0
- Direction
- not differente0
- Comparator
- eventse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 8-L cotton, glyphosate absorption was not different between events”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton glyphosate translocation patterns did not differ between events or harvest times.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- Glyphosate translocation patternse0
- Direction
- not differente0
- Comparator
- events or harvest timingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glyphosate translocation patterns were not different between events or harvest timings”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton glyphosate translocation showed a source-sink relationship.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- source-sink relationshipe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exhibited a source-sink relationship”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate and sucrose export patterns from the treated cotton leaf were similar.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- glyphosate and sucrose translocation patternse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- sucrosee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Based on the percentage of 14C exported out of the treated leaf, glyphosate and sucrose translocation patterns were similar”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Mepiquat chloride treatments caused no significant difference in cotton height, leaf area or specific leaf weight.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- MCe1
- Outcome
- plant height, leaf area, and specific leaf weighte0
- Direction
- No significant differencese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant differences in plant height, leaf area, and specific leaf weight were observed for any treatment”
t0“Cotton”
e1“Dry weight of first position fruits on nodes 1, 2, and 3 of MC treated plants accumulated greater biomass compared to fruits on non-treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
MC treated cotton had greater dry weight in first-position fruit at nodes 1 to 3 than untreated plants.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- first position fruitse0
- Treatment
- MCe0
- Outcome
- Dry weighte0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- non-treated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dry weight of first position fruits on nodes 1, 2, and 3 of MC treated plants accumulated greater biomass compared to fruits on non-treated plants”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
No significant effect on cotton labeled glyphosate translocation was found in the MC study.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- MCe1
- Outcome
- 14C-glyphosate translocatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant observations were found for 14C-glyphosate translocation”
t0“Cotton”
e1“Dry weight of first position fruits on nodes 1, 2, and 3 of MC treated plants accumulated greater biomass compared to fruits on non-treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
MC and MP reduced cotton height and nodes per plant.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- MC and MPe0
- Outcome
- cotton height and the number of nodes per plante0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MC and MP reduced cotton height and the number of nodes per plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton fruit retention was not influenced by growth-regulator treatment.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- MC and MPe1
- Outcome
- Total fruit retention and first position fruit retentione0
- Direction
- not influencede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total fruit retention and first position fruit retention were not influenced by any treatment”
t0“Cotton”
e1“MC and MP reduced cotton height and the number of nodes per plant”
Claim · model-written summary
MC and MP did not influence labeled glyphosate translocation in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- MC and MPe0
- Outcome
- 14C-glyphosate translocatione0
- Direction
- do not influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MC and MP do not influence 14C-glyphosate translocation”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
An eight-hour rain-free period was needed to maximize cotton growth-regulator efficacy.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- rain-free periode0
- Value
- 8 hourse0
- Qualifier
- regardless of plant growth regulator or the use of surfactante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a rain-free period of 8 hours is needed to maximize efficacy, regardless of plant growth regulator or the use of surfactant”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyclanilide absorption ranged from 11% at 3 hours to 15% at 48 hours after treatment.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- Absorption of cyclanilidee0
- Value
- 11 to 15%e0
- Qualifier
- 3 and 48 HATe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Absorption of cyclanilide ranged from 11 to 15% at 3 and 48 HAT, respectively”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
On average, 18% of cyclanilide remained in the treated cotton leaf.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- applied cyclanilide remained in the treated leafe0
- Value
- 18%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“18% of the applied cyclanilide remained in the treated leaf”
t0“Cotton”
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