Abstract
In 2013-2014, research was carried out on a Bathihypogleyi-Haplic Luvisol (LVh-gld-w) soil with predominant sandy loam and pH KCl 4.9-5.2 with a view to finding out how composts produced from sewage sludge, green waste and biogas production waste influenced grain and straw yields of winter wheat grown in the first year after compost incorporation and spring barley grown in the second year after incorporation as well as the concentrations of nitrogen, potassium and heavy metals in grain and straw. The field experiment was conducted in the fields of Elmininkai Experimental Station (Anykiai distr., Eastern Lithuania) of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry. The investigations proved that the composts incorporated without mineral fertilizer did not increase grain and straw of winter wheat grown in the first year after incorporation. During the second year, the composts increased the spring barley grain yield as follows: biogas -by 72.9%, green waste -68.6%, cattle manure -58.9% and sewage sludge -45.2%. The application of composts on the background of mineral fertilizers did not significantly increase winter wheat and spring barley grain and straw yields compared with mineral fertilizers. The concentration of chemical elements in plants depended on the compost degradation process in soil. During the first year after incorporation of composts, nitrogen (N) concentration in winter wheat grain was increased by biogas, and during the second year -by sewage sludge and green waste composts in spring barley grain. Potassium (K) concentration in winter wheat and spring barley straw was increased by cattle manure, biogas and sewage sludge composts. During the first year, all composts increased phosphorus (P) concentration in winter wheat straw. The concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mn and Cu) in grain and straw were close to the background levels. The composts used in the study increased the content of nickel in winter wheat and spring barley grain and straw somewhat more significantly.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Composts without mineral fertilizer did not increase first-year winter wheat grain and straw yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- composts incorporated without mineral fertilizere0
- Outcome
- grain and strawe0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“composts incorporated without mineral fertilizer did not increase grain and straw of winter wheat grown in the first year after incorporation”
Claim · model-written summary
Biogas compost increased second-year spring barley grain yield by 72.9%.
- Taxon
- spring barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Treatment
- biogase0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 72.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the composts increased the spring barley grain yield as follows: biogas -by 72.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
Green waste compost increased second-year spring barley grain yield by 68.6%.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- green wastee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 68.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the composts increased the spring barley grain yield as follows: biogas -by 72.9%, green waste -68.6%”
Claim · model-written summary
Cattle manure increased second-year spring barley grain yield by 58.9%.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- cattle manuree0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 58.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the composts increased the spring barley grain yield as follows: biogas -by 72.9%, green waste -68.6%, cattle manure -58.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
Sewage sludge compost increased second-year spring barley grain yield by 45.2%.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- sewage sludgee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 45.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the composts increased the spring barley grain yield as follows: biogas -by 72.9%, green waste -68.6%, cattle manure -58.9% and sewage sludge -45.2%”
Claim · model-written summary
Composts with mineral fertilizer did not significantly raise wheat or barley grain and straw yields beyond mineral fertilizer.
- Taxon
- winter wheat and spring barleyHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- composts on the background of mineral fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- grain and straw yieldse0
- Direction
- did not significantly increasee0
- Comparator
- mineral fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of composts on the background of mineral fertilizers did not significantly increase winter wheat and spring barley grain and straw yields compared with mineral fertilizers”
Claim · model-written summary
Biogas compost increased N concentration in winter wheat grain in year one.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- graine0
- Treatment
- biogase0
- Outcome
- nitrogen (N) concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen (N) concentration in winter wheat grain was increased by biogas”
Claim · model-written summary
Sewage sludge and green waste composts increased N concentration in spring barley grain in year two.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- sewage sludge and green waste compostse0
- Outcome
- graine0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sewage sludge and green waste composts in spring barley grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Cattle manure, biogas and sewage sludge composts increased K concentration in wheat and barley straw.
- Taxon
- winter wheat and spring barleyHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- strawe0
- Treatment
- cattle manure, biogas and sewage sludge compostse0
- Outcome
- Potassium (K) concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium (K) concentration in winter wheat and spring barley straw was increased by cattle manure, biogas and sewage sludge composts”
Claim · model-written summary
All composts increased phosphorus concentration in winter wheat straw in year one.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- strawe0
- Treatment
- all compostse0
- Outcome
- phosphorus (P) concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all composts increased phosphorus (P) concentration in winter wheat straw”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy-metal concentrations in grain and straw were near background levels.
- Taxon
- winter wheat and spring barleyHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mn and Cu) in grain and strawe0
- Comparator
- background levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mn and Cu) in grain and straw were close to the background levels”
t0“winter wheat and spring barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Composts increased nickel content in wheat and barley grain and straw.
- Taxon
- winter wheat and spring barleyHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- grain and strawe0
- Treatment
- compostse0
- Outcome
- content of nickele0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The composts used in the study increased the content of nickel in winter wheat and spring barley grain and straw somewhat more significantly”
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