Abstract
The impact of water deficit on berry quality has been extensively investigated during the last decades. Nonetheless, there is a scarcity of knowledge on the performance of different varieties exposed to a combination of high temperatures/water stress during the growing season and under vineyard conditions. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of two irrigation regimes (Sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI)) and of two cluster positions within the canopy (east- and west-exposed sides) on berry ripening in red Aragonez (Tempranillo) grapevines. The study was undertaken for two successive years in a commercial vineyard in South Portugal, monitoring the following parameters: predawn leaf water potential, berry temperature, sugars, polyphenols, ABA and related metabolites. Additionally, expression patterns for different transcripts encoding for enzymes responsible for anthocyanin and ABA biosynthesis were analysed. In both years anthocyanin concentration was lower in RDI at the west side (RDIW- the hottest one) from véraison onwards, suggesting that the most severe water stress conditions exacerbated the negative impact of high temperature on anthocyanin. The down-regulation of VviUFGT expression revealed a repression of the anthocyanin synthesis in berries of RDIW, at early stages of berry ripening. At full-maturation, anthocyanin degradation products were detected, being highest at RDIW. This suggests that the negative impact of water stress and high temperature on anthocyanins results from the repression of biosynthesis at the onset of ripening and from degradation at later stages. Irrigation and berry position had small effect on free-ABA concentration. However, ABA catabolism/conjugation process and ABA biosynthetic pathway were affected by water and heat stresses. This indicates the role of ABA-GE and catabolites in berry ABA homeostasis under abiotic stresses. PCA showed the strongest influence in the berry ripening is the deficit irrigation regime while temperature is an important variable conditioning the deficit irrigation success. This work shows the impact of irrigation regime and high temperature interaction in the control of berry ripening during two successive years. Furthermore, berries grown under SDI displayed a higher content in phenolics than those under RDI, with the additional advantage of attenuating negative temperature effects.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
RDI lowered anthocyanin concentration from véraison onwards at the hot west side in both years.
- Treatment
- RDIe2
- Outcome
- anthocyanin concentratione2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Qualifier
- from véraison onwardse2
- Setting
- commercial vineyard in South Portugale1
VitisNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on berry ripening in red Aragonez (Tempranillo) grapevines”
e1“The study was undertaken for two successive years in a commercial vineyard in South Portugal”
e2“In both years anthocyanin concentration was lower in RDI at the west side (RDIW- the hottest one) from véraison onwards”
Claim · model-written summary
Repression of VviUFGT expression in RDIW berries at early ripening is linked to reduced anthocyanin synthesis.
- Organ / stage
- berriese3
- Treatment
- RDIWe3
- Gene
- VviUFGTe3
- Outcome
- VviUFGT expressione3
- Direction
- down-regulatione3
- Qualifier
- early stages of berry ripeninge3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on berry ripening in red Aragonez (Tempranillo) grapevines”
e3“The down-regulation of VviUFGT expression revealed a repression of the anthocyanin synthesis in berries of RDIW, at early stages of berry ripening”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanin degradation products were highest at RDIW at full maturation.
- Treatment
- RDIWe4
- Outcome
- anthocyanin degradation productse4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Qualifier
- full-maturatione4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on berry ripening in red Aragonez (Tempranillo) grapevines”
e4“At full-maturation, anthocyanin degradation products were detected, being highest at RDIW”
Claim · model-written summary
The negative effect of water stress and high temperature on anthocyanins is suggested to come from repressed biosynthesis at ripening onset and degradation later.
- Outcome
- negative impact of water stress and high temperature on anthocyaninse5
- Qualifier
- repression of biosynthesis at the onset of ripening and from degradation at later stagese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on berry ripening in red Aragonez (Tempranillo) grapevines”
e5“This suggests that the negative impact of water stress and high temperature on anthocyanins results from the repression of biosynthesis at the onset of ripening and from degradation at later stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation and berry position had a small effect on free-ABA concentration.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on berry ripening in red Aragonez (Tempranillo) grapevines”
e6“Irrigation and berry position had small effect on free-ABA concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Water and heat stresses affected the ABA catabolism/conjugation process and the ABA biosynthetic pathway.
- Treatment
- water and heat stressese7
- Outcome
- ABA catabolism/conjugation process and ABA biosynthetic pathwaye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on berry ripening in red Aragonez (Tempranillo) grapevines”
e7“ABA catabolism/conjugation process and ABA biosynthetic pathway were affected by water and heat stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA-GE and catabolites are indicated to play a role in berry ABA homeostasis under abiotic stress.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on berry ripening in red Aragonez (Tempranillo) grapevines”
e7“This indicates the role of ABA-GE and catabolites in berry ABA homeostasis under abiotic stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
The deficit irrigation regime had the strongest influence on berry ripening in the PCA.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on berry ripening in red Aragonez (Tempranillo) grapevines”
e1“PCA showed the strongest influence in the berry ripening is the deficit irrigation regime”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature is an important variable conditioning the success of deficit irrigation.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on berry ripening in red Aragonez (Tempranillo) grapevines”
e2“temperature is an important variable conditioning the deficit irrigation success”
Claim · model-written summary
Berries under SDI had a higher phenolics content than berries under RDI.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on berry ripening in red Aragonez (Tempranillo) grapevines”
e3“berries grown under SDI displayed a higher content in phenolics than those under RDI, with the additional advantage of attenuating negative temperature effects”
Claim · model-written summary
SDI attenuated negative temperature effects relative to RDI.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on berry ripening in red Aragonez (Tempranillo) grapevines”
e3“berries grown under SDI displayed a higher content in phenolics than those under RDI, with the additional advantage of attenuating negative temperature effects”
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