Abstract
Deficit irrigation (DI) is an irrigation scheduling technique that is used in grapes to improve red color development; however, results are not always satisfactory in table grapes. The red color in grapes is mainly due to the plant pigment anthocyanin. In the present study, the anthocyanin biosynthesis in Scarlet Royal grapes ( Vitis vinifera L.) grown in the San Joaquin and Coachella Valleys, and subjected to two different DI strategies was investigated. The objective of this study was to identify potential regulatory factors that may lead to potential treatments to improve red color in table grapes, especially under warm climate conditions. In both locations, DI induced the expression of several genes involved in three major pathways that control the red color in table grapes: anthocyanin biosynthesis, hormone biosynthesis, and antioxidant system. DI at veraison induced anthocyanin accumulation and enhanced red color in berries at harvest time. However, anthocyanin accumulation was lower at the Coachella Valley compared to the San Joaquin Valley. The lower level of anthocyanin was associated with lower expression of critical genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, such as flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase ( UFGT ), myb-related regulatory gene ( R2R3-MYB) ( MYBA1 ), basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) ( MYCA1 ) and the tryptophan-aspartic acid repeat (WDR or WD40) proteins ( WDR1 ). Further, gene expression analysis revealed the association of ABA biosynthesis gene 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase ( NCED1 ), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase ( ACO3 ), and the gibberellic acid (GA) catabolic gene GA2 oxidase ( GA2ox1 ) in the induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis. An increase in the chalcone synthase gene ( CHS2 ) was observed in response to DI treatments in both sites. However, CHS2 expression was higher in Coachella Valley after ending the DI treatment, suggesting the involvement of environmental stress in elevating its transcripts. This data was also supported by the lower level of antioxidant gene expression and enzyme activities in the Coachella Valley compared to the San Joaquin Valley. The present data suggested that the lack of grape red coloration could partially be due to the lower level of antioxidant activities resulting in accelerated anthocyanin degradation and impaired anthocyanin biosynthesis. It seems that under challenging warmer conditions, several factors are required to optimize anthocyanin accumulation via DI, including an active antioxidant system, proper light perception, and hormonal balance.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation induced expression of genes across anthocyanin, hormone and antioxidant pathways in both locations.
- Taxon
- Grapest0
- Treatment
- DIe0
- Outcome
- expression of several genes involved in three major pathwayse0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In both locations, DI induced the expression of several genes involved in three major pathways that control the red color in table grapes: anthocyanin biosynthesis, hormone biosynthesis, and antioxidant system.”
t0“Table Grapes”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation at veraison induced anthocyanin accumulation in berries at harvest.
- Taxon
- Grapest0
- Organ / stage
- berries at harvest timee0
- Treatment
- DI at veraisone0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin accumulatione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“DI at veraison induced anthocyanin accumulation and enhanced red color in berries at harvest time.”
t0“Table Grapes”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation at veraison enhanced berry red color at harvest.
- Taxon
- Grapest0
- Organ / stage
- berries at harvest timee0
- Treatment
- DI at veraisone0
- Outcome
- red colore0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“DI at veraison induced anthocyanin accumulation and enhanced red color in berries at harvest time.”
t0“Table Grapes”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanin accumulation was lower in Coachella Valley than San Joaquin Valley.
Verbatim
e0“anthocyanin accumulation was lower at the Coachella Valley compared to the San Joaquin Valley.”
t0“Table Grapes”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower anthocyanin level was associated with lower expression of UFGT, MYBA1, MYCA1 and WDR1.
Verbatim
e0“The lower level of anthocyanin was associated with lower expression of critical genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, such as flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase ( UFGT ), myb-related regulatory gene ( R2R3-MYB) ( MYBA1 ), basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) ( MYCA1 ) and the tryptophan-aspartic acid repeat (WDR or WD40) proteins ( WDR1 ).”
t0“Table Grapes”
Claim · model-written summary
NCED1, ACO3 and GA2ox1 expression was associated with induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“gene expression analysis revealed the association of ABA biosynthesis gene 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase ( NCED1 ), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase ( ACO3 ), and the gibberellic acid (GA) catabolic gene GA2 oxidase ( GA2ox1 ) in the induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis.”
t0“Table Grapes”
Claim · model-written summary
CHS2 increased in response to deficit irrigation at both sites.
- Taxon
- Grapest0
- Treatment
- DI treatmentse0
- Gene
- CHS2e0
- Outcome
- chalcone synthase gene ( CHS2 )e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“An increase in the chalcone synthase gene ( CHS2 ) was observed in response to DI treatments in both sites.”
t0“Table Grapes”
Claim · model-written summary
CHS2 expression was higher in Coachella Valley after deficit irrigation ended.
Verbatim
e0“CHS2 expression was higher in Coachella Valley after ending the DI treatment”
t0“Table Grapes”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant gene expression was lower in Coachella Valley than San Joaquin Valley.
Verbatim
e0“lower level of antioxidant gene expression and enzyme activities in the Coachella Valley compared to the San Joaquin Valley.”
t0“Table Grapes”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant enzyme activities were lower in Coachella Valley than San Joaquin Valley.
Verbatim
e0“lower level of antioxidant gene expression and enzyme activities in the Coachella Valley compared to the San Joaquin Valley.”
t0“Table Grapes”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggested low antioxidant activity could accelerate anthocyanin degradation and impair biosynthesis, contributing to poor red coloration.
Verbatim
e0“the lack of grape red coloration could partially be due to the lower level of antioxidant activities resulting in accelerated anthocyanin degradation and impaired anthocyanin biosynthesis.”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggested an active antioxidant system, proper light perception and hormonal balance are needed to optimize anthocyanin accumulation under warmer conditions.
Verbatim
e0“under challenging warmer conditions, several factors are required to optimize anthocyanin accumulation via DI, including an active antioxidant system, proper light perception, and hormonal balance.”
t0“Table Grapes”
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See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.