Abstract
Soil factors such as pH, calcium, carbonate, and bicarbonate precipitation products in calcareous soils reduce iron (Fe) availability to crops and limit grain Fe concentrations. In the present greenhouse study, we evaluated the potential of Fe fertilizer amendments combined with organic amendments, like biochar (BC) and poultry manure, in sulfur (S)-treated low pH calcareous soils (pHS1) to assess Fe biofortification of maize. Elemental sulfur (S) was used both for lowering soil pH and Fe solubilization. Soil pH was successfully lowered down from 7.8 to 6.5 by S application at the rate of 2.5 g kg−1 soil. Pot experiment results revealed that Fe fertilizer combined with BC and S (pHS1) significantly increased root and shoot dry weight, grain weight, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance by 69%, 86%, 28%, 74%, 57%, and 33%, respectively, relative to the control. Similarly, combined application of Fe + BC in S-amended (pHS1) soil increased starch (34%), protein (64%), and fat (1 fold) while antinutrient phytate and polyphenols were decreased up to 29% and 40%, respectively, over control. Regarding the maize nutrients profiles, application of Fe with BC gave the maximum increase of Fe and ferritin was increased 1.7 fold at pHS1. The results of this study showed that Fe fertilization with BC at pHS1 soil is beneficial for crop growth and Fe bioavailability.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur lowered calcareous soil pH from 7.8 to 6.5.
- Treatment
- S application at the rate of 2.5 g kg−1 soile0
- Outcome
- Soil pHe0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Value
- 6.5e0
- Comparator
- 7.8e0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil pH was successfully lowered down from 7.8 to 6.5 by S application at the rate of 2.5 g kg−1 soil.”
t0“maize (Zea maysL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe, biochar and sulfur increased maize root dry weight by 69% versus control.
- Treatment
- Fe fertilizer combined with BC and S (pHS1)e0
- Outcome
- root and shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 69%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe fertilizer combined with BC and S (pHS1) significantly increased root and shoot dry weight, grain weight, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance by 69%, 86%, 28%, 74%, 57%, and 33%, respectively, relative to the control.”
t0“maize (Zea maysL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The same treatment increased shoot dry weight by 86%.
- Treatment
- Fe fertilizer combined with BC and S (pHS1)e0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 86%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe fertilizer combined with BC and S (pHS1) significantly increased root and shoot dry weight, grain weight, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance by 69%, 86%, 28%, 74%, 57%, and 33%, respectively, relative to the control.”
t0“maize (Zea maysL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The same treatment increased grain weight by 28%.
- Treatment
- Fe fertilizer combined with BC and S (pHS1)e0
- Outcome
- grain weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe fertilizer combined with BC and S (pHS1) significantly increased root and shoot dry weight, grain weight, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance by 69%, 86%, 28%, 74%, 57%, and 33%, respectively, relative to the control.”
t0“maize (Zea maysL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The same treatment increased photosynthetic rate by 74%.
- Treatment
- Fe fertilizer combined with BC and S (pHS1)e0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 74%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe fertilizer combined with BC and S (pHS1) significantly increased root and shoot dry weight, grain weight, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance by 69%, 86%, 28%, 74%, 57%, and 33%, respectively, relative to the control.”
t0“maize (Zea maysL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The same treatment increased transpiration rate by 57%.
- Treatment
- Fe fertilizer combined with BC and S (pHS1)e0
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 57%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe fertilizer combined with BC and S (pHS1) significantly increased root and shoot dry weight, grain weight, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance by 69%, 86%, 28%, 74%, 57%, and 33%, respectively, relative to the control.”
t0“maize (Zea maysL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The same treatment increased stomatal conductance by 33%.
- Treatment
- Fe fertilizer combined with BC and S (pHS1)e0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 33%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe fertilizer combined with BC and S (pHS1) significantly increased root and shoot dry weight, grain weight, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance by 69%, 86%, 28%, 74%, 57%, and 33%, respectively, relative to the control.”
t0“maize (Zea maysL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe and biochar in sulfur-amended soil increased starch by 34%.
- Treatment
- Fe + BC in S-amended (pHS1) soile0
- Outcome
- starche0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 34%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of Fe + BC in S-amended (pHS1) soil increased starch (34%), protein (64%), and fat (1 fold) while antinutrient phytate and polyphenols were decreased up to 29% and 40%, respectively, over control.”
t0“maize (Zea maysL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe and biochar increased protein by 64%.
- Treatment
- Fe + BC in S-amended (pHS1) soile0
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 64%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of Fe + BC in S-amended (pHS1) soil increased starch (34%), protein (64%), and fat (1 fold) while antinutrient phytate and polyphenols were decreased up to 29% and 40%, respectively, over control.”
t0“maize (Zea maysL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe and biochar increased fat by 1 fold.
- Treatment
- Fe + BC in S-amended (pHS1) soile0
- Outcome
- fate0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1 folde0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of Fe + BC in S-amended (pHS1) soil increased starch (34%), protein (64%), and fat (1 fold) while antinutrient phytate and polyphenols were decreased up to 29% and 40%, respectively, over control.”
t0“maize (Zea maysL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe and biochar decreased phytate by up to 29%.
- Treatment
- Fe + BC in S-amended (pHS1) soile0
- Outcome
- phytatee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 29%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of Fe + BC in S-amended (pHS1) soil increased starch (34%), protein (64%), and fat (1 fold) while antinutrient phytate and polyphenols were decreased up to 29% and 40%, respectively, over control.”
t0“maize (Zea maysL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe and biochar decreased polyphenols by up to 40%.
- Treatment
- Fe + BC in S-amended (pHS1) soile0
- Outcome
- polyphenolse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of Fe + BC in S-amended (pHS1) soil increased starch (34%), protein (64%), and fat (1 fold) while antinutrient phytate and polyphenols were decreased up to 29% and 40%, respectively, over control.”
t0“maize (Zea maysL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe with biochar gave the maximum Fe increase.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of Fe with BC gave the maximum increase of Fe and ferritin was increased 1.7 fold at pHS1.”
t0“maize (Zea maysL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ferritin increased 1.7 fold at pHS1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ferritin was increased 1.7 fold at pHS1”
t0“maize (Zea maysL.)”
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See all 54 papers →8 of 23 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.