Abstract
It is crucial to clarify how the iron nanostructure activates plant growth, particularly in combination with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). We first identified 1.0 g·kg –1 of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) as appropriate dosage to maximize maize growth by 12.7–19.7% in non-AMF and 18.9–26.4% in AMF, respectively. Yet, excessive nZVI at 2.0 g·kg –1 exerted inhibitory effects while FeSO 4 showed slight effects ( p > 0.05). Under an appropriate dose, a nano core–shell structure was formed and the transfer and diffusion of electrons between PS II and PS I were facilitated, significantly promoting the reduction of ferricyanide and NADP ( p < 0.05). SEM images showed that excessive nZVI particles can form stacked layers on the surface of roots and hyphae, inhibiting water and nutrient uptake. TEM observations showed that excessive nanoparticles can penetrate into root cortical cells, disrupt cellular homeostasis, and substantially elevate Fe content in roots ( p < 0.05). This exacerbated membrane lipid peroxidation and osmotic regulation, accordingly restricting photosynthetic capacity and AMF colonization. Yet, appropriate nZVI can be adhered to a mycelium surface, forming a uniform nanofilm structure. The strength of the mycelium network was evidently enhanced, under an increased root colonization rate and an extramatrical hyphal length ( p < 0.05). Enhanced mycorrhizal infection was tightly associated with higher gas exchange and Rubisco and Rubisco enzyme activities. This enabled more photosynthetic carbon to input into AMF symbiont. There existed a positive feedback loop connecting downward transfer of photosynthate and upward transport of water/nutrients. FeSO 4 only slightly affected mycorrhizal development. Thus, it was the Fe nanostructure but not its inorganic salt state that primed AMF symbionts for better growth.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoscale zerovalent iron at 1.0 g·kg –1 maximized maize growth by 12.7–19.7% in non-AMF plants.
- Treatment
- nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI)e1
- Outcome
- maize growthe1
- Direction
- maximizee1
- Value
- 12.7–19.7%e1
- Qualifier
- in non-AMFe1
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We first identified 1.0 g·kg –1 of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) as appropriate dosage to maximize maize growth by 12.7–19.7% in non-AMF and 18.9–26.4% in AMF, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoscale zerovalent iron at 1.0 g·kg –1 maximized maize growth by 18.9–26.4% in AMF-colonized plants.
- Treatment
- nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI)e1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- maize growthe1
- Direction
- maximizee1
- Value
- 18.9–26.4%e1
- Qualifier
- in AMFe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We first identified 1.0 g·kg –1 of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) as appropriate dosage to maximize maize growth by 12.7–19.7% in non-AMF and 18.9–26.4% in AMF, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive nZVI at 2.0 g·kg –1 had inhibitory effects on maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We first identified 1.0 g·kg –1 of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) as appropriate dosage to maximize maize growth by 12.7–19.7% in non-AMF and 18.9–26.4% in AMF, respectively”
e2“Yet, excessive nZVI at 2.0 g·kg –1 exerted inhibitory effects while FeSO 4 showed slight effects ( p > 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
FeSO4 showed slight effects on maize that were not significant.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We first identified 1.0 g·kg –1 of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) as appropriate dosage to maximize maize growth by 12.7–19.7% in non-AMF and 18.9–26.4% in AMF, respectively”
e2“Yet, excessive nZVI at 2.0 g·kg –1 exerted inhibitory effects while FeSO 4 showed slight effects ( p > 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under an appropriate dose a nano core–shell structure of iron was formed in maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We first identified 1.0 g·kg –1 of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) as appropriate dosage to maximize maize growth by 12.7–19.7% in non-AMF and 18.9–26.4% in AMF, respectively”
e2“Under an appropriate dose, a nano core–shell structure was formed and the transfer and diffusion of electrons between PS II and PS I were facilitated, significantly promoting the reduction of ferricyanide and NADP ( p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under an appropriate dose electron transfer and diffusion between PS II and PS I were facilitated in maize.
- Treatment
- appropriate dosee2
- Outcome
- transfer and diffusion of electrons between PS II and PS Ie2
- Direction
- facilitatede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We first identified 1.0 g·kg –1 of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) as appropriate dosage to maximize maize growth by 12.7–19.7% in non-AMF and 18.9–26.4% in AMF, respectively”
e2“Under an appropriate dose, a nano core–shell structure was formed and the transfer and diffusion of electrons between PS II and PS I were facilitated, significantly promoting the reduction of ferricyanide and NADP ( p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under an appropriate dose the reduction of ferricyanide and NADP was significantly promoted in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We first identified 1.0 g·kg –1 of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) as appropriate dosage to maximize maize growth by 12.7–19.7% in non-AMF and 18.9–26.4% in AMF, respectively”
e2“Under an appropriate dose, a nano core–shell structure was formed and the transfer and diffusion of electrons between PS II and PS I were facilitated, significantly promoting the reduction of ferricyanide and NADP ( p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive nZVI particles formed stacked layers on the surface of maize roots and hyphae.
- Organ / stage
- surface of roots and hyphaee2
- Treatment
- excessive nZVI particlese2
- Outcome
- stacked layerse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We first identified 1.0 g·kg –1 of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) as appropriate dosage to maximize maize growth by 12.7–19.7% in non-AMF and 18.9–26.4% in AMF, respectively”
e2“SEM images showed that excessive nZVI particles can form stacked layers on the surface of roots and hyphae, inhibiting water and nutrient uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive nZVI particles possibly inhibit water and nutrient uptake in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We first identified 1.0 g·kg –1 of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) as appropriate dosage to maximize maize growth by 12.7–19.7% in non-AMF and 18.9–26.4% in AMF, respectively”
e2“SEM images showed that excessive nZVI particles can form stacked layers on the surface of roots and hyphae, inhibiting water and nutrient uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive nanoparticles penetrated into maize root cortical cells.
- Organ / stage
- root cortical cellse2
- Treatment
- excessive nanoparticlese2
- Outcome
- penetrate into root cortical cellse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We first identified 1.0 g·kg –1 of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) as appropriate dosage to maximize maize growth by 12.7–19.7% in non-AMF and 18.9–26.4% in AMF, respectively”
e2“TEM observations showed that excessive nanoparticles can penetrate into root cortical cells, disrupt cellular homeostasis, and substantially elevate Fe content in roots ( p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive nanoparticles substantially elevated Fe content in maize roots.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We first identified 1.0 g·kg –1 of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) as appropriate dosage to maximize maize growth by 12.7–19.7% in non-AMF and 18.9–26.4% in AMF, respectively”
e2“TEM observations showed that excessive nanoparticles can penetrate into root cortical cells, disrupt cellular homeostasis, and substantially elevate Fe content in roots ( p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Membrane lipid peroxidation and osmotic regulation possibly restrict photosynthetic capacity and AMF colonization in maize.
- Outcome
- photosynthetic capacity and AMF colonizatione2
- Qualifier
- membrane lipid peroxidation and osmotic regulatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We first identified 1.0 g·kg –1 of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) as appropriate dosage to maximize maize growth by 12.7–19.7% in non-AMF and 18.9–26.4% in AMF, respectively”
e2“This exacerbated membrane lipid peroxidation and osmotic regulation, accordingly restricting photosynthetic capacity and AMF colonization”
Claim · model-written summary
Appropriate nZVI formed a uniform nanofilm structure on the mycelium surface.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We first identified 1.0 g·kg –1 of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) as appropriate dosage to maximize maize growth by 12.7–19.7% in non-AMF and 18.9–26.4% in AMF, respectively”
e2“Yet, appropriate nZVI can be adhered to a mycelium surface, forming a uniform nanofilm structure”
Claim · model-written summary
Strength of the mycelium network was enhanced under increased root colonization and hyphal length in maize.
- Organ / stage
- mycelium networke2
- Outcome
- strength of the mycelium networke2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Qualifier
- under an increased root colonization rate and an extramatrical hyphal lengthe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We first identified 1.0 g·kg –1 of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) as appropriate dosage to maximize maize growth by 12.7–19.7% in non-AMF and 18.9–26.4% in AMF, respectively”
e2“The strength of the mycelium network was evidently enhanced, under an increased root colonization rate and an extramatrical hyphal length ( p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased root colonization rate and extramatrical hyphal length were observed with appropriate nZVI in maize.
- Organ / stage
- roote2
- Outcome
- root colonization rate and an extramatrical hyphal lengthe2
- Direction
- increasede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We first identified 1.0 g·kg –1 of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) as appropriate dosage to maximize maize growth by 12.7–19.7% in non-AMF and 18.9–26.4% in AMF, respectively”
e2“The strength of the mycelium network was evidently enhanced, under an increased root colonization rate and an extramatrical hyphal length ( p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced mycorrhizal infection was tightly associated with higher gas exchange and Rubisco enzyme activities in maize.
- Gene
- Rubiscoe2
- Outcome
- gas exchange and Rubisco and Rubisco enzyme activitiese2
- Direction
- highere2
- Qualifier
- tightly associatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We first identified 1.0 g·kg –1 of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) as appropriate dosage to maximize maize growth by 12.7–19.7% in non-AMF and 18.9–26.4% in AMF, respectively”
e2“Enhanced mycorrhizal infection was tightly associated with higher gas exchange and Rubisco and Rubisco enzyme activities”
Claim · model-written summary
More photosynthetic carbon was input into the AMF symbiont in maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We first identified 1.0 g·kg –1 of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) as appropriate dosage to maximize maize growth by 12.7–19.7% in non-AMF and 18.9–26.4% in AMF, respectively”
e2“This enabled more photosynthetic carbon to input into AMF symbiont”
Claim · model-written summary
A positive feedback loop possibly links downward photosynthate transfer with upward water and nutrient transport in maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We first identified 1.0 g·kg –1 of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) as appropriate dosage to maximize maize growth by 12.7–19.7% in non-AMF and 18.9–26.4% in AMF, respectively”
e2“There existed a positive feedback loop connecting downward transfer of photosynthate and upward transport of water/nutrients”
Claim · model-written summary
FeSO4 only slightly affected mycorrhizal development in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We first identified 1.0 g·kg –1 of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) as appropriate dosage to maximize maize growth by 12.7–19.7% in non-AMF and 18.9–26.4% in AMF, respectively”
e2“FeSO 4 only slightly affected mycorrhizal development”
Claim · model-written summary
The Fe nanostructure, not its inorganic salt state, primed AMF symbionts for better growth in maize.
- Treatment
- Fe nanostructuree2
- Interactor
- AMF symbiontse2symbiont
- Outcome
- growthe2
- Direction
- bettere2
- Comparator
- inorganic salt statee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We first identified 1.0 g·kg –1 of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) as appropriate dosage to maximize maize growth by 12.7–19.7% in non-AMF and 18.9–26.4% in AMF, respectively”
e2“Thus, it was the Fe nanostructure but not its inorganic salt state that primed AMF symbionts for better growth”
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