Abstract
Excess nitrogen in the ammonium form may induce different nutritional disorders in plants depending on the species cultivated. The present study sought to evaluate the accumulation of nutrients, growth and visual symptoms in rice and spinach plants in function of the ammonium concentrations. Two experiments were performed with rice and spinach plants in a greenhouse, at the Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Campus of Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil. In each experiment five ammonium concentrations were used (10, 20, 40, 80 and 100 mmol L-1), arranged in a randomized block design with five repetitions. The effects of excess ammonium were studied on the green color index, electrolyte leakage, accumulation of N, Mg, K and Ca in the shoots, leaf area, height, dry matter of root, shoots and whole plant, and characterization of the visual symptoms of toxicity in the plants. These effects of excess ammonium reported above are reflected in the production of plant dry matter, with a linear decrease in dry matter of the roots, shoots and whole plant. Excess ammonium in the nutrient solution decreased the accumulation of dry matter due to reduced leaf area and increased cellular electrolyte leakage which induced symptoms characteristic of ammonium toxicity in both species, and also decreased uptake of Ca, Mg and K in rice plants and only Ca in spinach plants.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Excess ammonium caused a linear decrease in root, shoot and whole-plant dry matter in rice.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- excess ammoniume0
- Outcome
- dry matter of the roots, shoots and whole plante0
- Direction
- linear decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These effects of excess ammonium reported above are reflected in the production of plant dry matter, with a linear decrease in dry matter of the roots, shoots and whole plant.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess ammonium caused a linear decrease in root, shoot and whole-plant dry matter in spinach.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceat0 - Treatment
- excess ammoniume0
- Outcome
- dry matter of the roots, shoots and whole plante0
- Direction
- linear decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These effects of excess ammonium reported above are reflected in the production of plant dry matter, with a linear decrease in dry matter of the roots, shoots and whole plant.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess ammonium reduced leaf area in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Excess ammoniume0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excess ammonium in the nutrient solution decreased the accumulation of dry matter due to reduced leaf area and increased cellular electrolyte leakage which induced symptoms characteristic of ammonium toxicity in both species”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess ammonium reduced leaf area in spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Excess ammoniume0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excess ammonium in the nutrient solution decreased the accumulation of dry matter due to reduced leaf area and increased cellular electrolyte leakage which induced symptoms characteristic of ammonium toxicity in both species”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess ammonium increased cellular electrolyte leakage in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Excess ammoniume0
- Outcome
- cellular electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excess ammonium in the nutrient solution decreased the accumulation of dry matter due to reduced leaf area and increased cellular electrolyte leakage which induced symptoms characteristic of ammonium toxicity in both species”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess ammonium increased cellular electrolyte leakage in spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Excess ammoniume0
- Outcome
- cellular electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excess ammonium in the nutrient solution decreased the accumulation of dry matter due to reduced leaf area and increased cellular electrolyte leakage which induced symptoms characteristic of ammonium toxicity in both species”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess ammonium induced toxicity symptoms in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ammoniume0
- Outcome
- symptoms characteristic of ammonium toxicitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased cellular electrolyte leakage which induced symptoms characteristic of ammonium toxicity in both species”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess ammonium induced toxicity symptoms in spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- ammoniume0
- Outcome
- symptoms characteristic of ammonium toxicitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased cellular electrolyte leakage which induced symptoms characteristic of ammonium toxicity in both species”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess ammonium decreased calcium, magnesium and potassium uptake in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ammoniume1
- Outcome
- uptake of Ca, Mg and Ke0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased uptake of Ca, Mg and K in rice plants”
e1“Excess ammonium in the nutrient solution decreased the accumulation of dry matter due to reduced leaf area and increased cellular electrolyte leakage which induced symptoms characteristic of ammonium toxicity in both species, and also decreased uptake of Ca, Mg and K in rice plants and only Ca in spinach plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess ammonium decreased calcium uptake in spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- Excess ammoniume1
- Outcome
- Cae0
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only Ca in spinach plants”
e1“Excess ammonium in the nutrient solution decreased the accumulation of dry matter due to reduced leaf area and increased cellular electrolyte leakage which induced symptoms characteristic of ammonium toxicity in both species, and also decreased uptake of Ca, Mg and K in rice plants and only Ca in spinach plants.”
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