Abstract
Field trials indicated that addition of ammonium sulfate to imazethapyr plus nonionic surfactant increased quackgrass control, especially at low imazethapyr rates. In greenhouse experiments, approximately twice as much imazethapyr was absorbed by quackgrass leaves when the herbicide was applied in combination with nonionic surfactant plus ammonium sulfate than when the herbicide was applied with nonionic surfactant alone. Black Mexican Sweet maize (BMS) suspension-cultured cells were used to evaluate the effects of ammonium sulfate and nonionic surfactant on cellular absorption of imazethapyr in the absence of a cuticular barrier. Imazethapyr absorption by BMS cells was diffusion-mediated, energy-dependent, and exhibited a pH optimum of approximately 3. Over the concentration range of 0.1 to 10.0 μM, the equilibrium concentration of imazethapyr in BMS cells was a linear function of the external concentration. Addition of ammonium sulfate to the external medium of BMS cells enhanced both the rate of imazethapyr uptake and medium acidification. There was a linear correlation between the ability of ammonium sulfate (0.5 to 10 mM) to promote medium acidification and imazethapyr uptake by BMS cells. The ammonium sulfate-induced stimulation of imazethapyr absorption in BMS cells was sensitive to plasma membrane adenosine triphosphatase inhibitors (sodium vanadate, diethylstilbestrol), the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, and energy metabolism inhibitors (sodium azide, nitrogen gas), demonstrating that this effect was dependent on ATP production and the functioning of the plasma membrane ATPase. It is hypothesized that cytoplasmic acidification in BMS cells due to ammonium assimilation stimulates the plasma membrane ATPase to pump protons across the plasma membrane which in turn acidifies the cell wall promoting cellular accumulation of imazethapyr by ion-trapping. Cell wall acidification due to ammonium assimilation may contribute to the ability of ammonium sulfate to enhance the efficacy of imazethapyr and other foliar-applied herbicides.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Adding ammonium sulfate to imazethapyr plus nonionic surfactant increased quackgrass control, especially at low imazethapyr rates.
- Taxon
- quackgrasse0
- Treatment
- addition of ammonium sulfate to imazethapyr plus nonionic surfactante0
- Outcome
- quackgrass controle0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- especially at low imazethapyr ratese0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Field trials indicated that addition of ammonium sulfate to imazethapyr plus nonionic surfactant increased quackgrass control, especially at low imazethapyr rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Imazethapyr applied with nonionic surfactant plus ammonium sulfate was absorbed by quackgrass leaves about twice as much as with nonionic surfactant alone in the greenhouse.
Verbatim
e1“In greenhouse experiments, approximately twice as much imazethapyr was absorbed by quackgrass leaves when the herbicide was applied in combination with nonionic surfactant plus ammonium sulfate than when the herbicide was applied with nonionic surfactant alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Imazethapyr absorption by maize BMS cells was diffusion-mediated and energy-dependent.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Black Mexican Sweet maize (BMS) suspension-cultured cells were used to evaluate the effects of ammonium sulfate and nonionic surfactant on cellular absorption of imazethapyr”
e3“Imazethapyr absorption by BMS cells was diffusion-mediated, energy-dependent, and exhibited a pH optimum of approximately 3”
Claim · model-written summary
Imazethapyr absorption by maize BMS cells had a pH optimum of approximately 3.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Black Mexican Sweet maize (BMS) suspension-cultured cells were used to evaluate the effects of ammonium sulfate and nonionic surfactant on cellular absorption of imazethapyr”
e3“Imazethapyr absorption by BMS cells was diffusion-mediated, energy-dependent, and exhibited a pH optimum of approximately 3”
Claim · model-written summary
The equilibrium concentration of imazethapyr in maize BMS cells was a linear function of the external concentration.
- Treatment
- external concentratione4
- Outcome
- equilibrium concentration of imazethapyr in BMS cellse4
- Qualifier
- linear functione4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Black Mexican Sweet maize (BMS) suspension-cultured cells were used to evaluate the effects of ammonium sulfate and nonionic surfactant on cellular absorption of imazethapyr”
e4“Over the concentration range of 0.1 to 10.0 μM, the equilibrium concentration of imazethapyr in BMS cells was a linear function of the external concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium sulfate added to the external medium enhanced the rate of imazethapyr uptake and medium acidification in maize BMS cells.
- Treatment
- Addition of ammonium sulfate to the external mediume5
- Outcome
- rate of imazethapyr uptake and medium acidificatione5
- Direction
- enhancede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Black Mexican Sweet maize (BMS) suspension-cultured cells were used to evaluate the effects of ammonium sulfate and nonionic surfactant on cellular absorption of imazethapyr”
e5“Addition of ammonium sulfate to the external medium of BMS cells enhanced both the rate of imazethapyr uptake and medium acidification”
Claim · model-written summary
The ability of ammonium sulfate to promote medium acidification was linearly correlated with imazethapyr uptake by maize BMS cells.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Black Mexican Sweet maize (BMS) suspension-cultured cells were used to evaluate the effects of ammonium sulfate and nonionic surfactant on cellular absorption of imazethapyr”
e6“There was a linear correlation between the ability of ammonium sulfate (0.5 to 10 mM) to promote medium acidification and imazethapyr uptake by BMS cells”
Claim · model-written summary
The ammonium sulfate-induced stimulation of imazethapyr absorption in maize BMS cells depends on ATP production and plasma membrane ATPase function.
- Outcome
- ammonium sulfate-induced stimulation of imazethapyr absorptione7
- Qualifier
- dependent on ATP production and the functioning of the plasma membrane ATPasee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Black Mexican Sweet maize (BMS) suspension-cultured cells were used to evaluate the effects of ammonium sulfate and nonionic surfactant on cellular absorption of imazethapyr”
e7“The ammonium sulfate-induced stimulation of imazethapyr absorption in BMS cells was sensitive to plasma membrane adenosine triphosphatase inhibitors (sodium vanadate, diethylstilbestrol), the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, and energy metabolism inhibitors (sodium azide, nitrogen gas), demonstrating that this effect was dependent on ATP production and the functioning of the plasma membrane ATPase”
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See all 12 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.