Abstract
Glyphosate-resistant (GR) giant ragweed is a problematic broadleaf weed in crops including maize and soybean in the Midwestern United States. Commercialization of crops with 2,4-D or dicamba and glufosinate resistance will allow post-emergence (POST) applications of these herbicides. Therefore, information is needed on how 2,4-D/dicamba will interact with glufosinate in various rate combinations. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the interaction of glufosinate plus 2,4-D and/or dicamba for control of GR giant ragweed, and to determine their effect on GR giant ragweed density, biomass, maize injury, and yield. Field experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 in a field infested with GR giant ragweed in Nebraska, USA. The treatments included POST applications of glufosinate (450 or 590 g ai ha–1), 2,4-D, or dicamba at 280 or 560 g ae ha–1 applied alone and in tank-mixtures in glufosinate-resistant maize. The results showed that dicamba applied alone resulted in 56 to 62% and 73 to 83% control at 14 and 28 DAT, respectively, and ≥ 95% control at 60 days after treatment (DAT) or at harvest compared to 17 to 30% and 57 to 73% control with 2,4-D applied alone at 280 and 560 g ai ha–1, respectively. Glufosinate tank-mixed with 2,4-D and/ or dicamba consistently provided ≥ 90% control of GR giant ragweed, except that control with glufosinate plus 2,4-D varied from 80 to 92% at 60 DAT and at harvest. The comparison between the observed and expected control (determined by Colby’s equation) suggested an additive interaction between glufosinate and 2,4-D or dicamba for control of GR giant ragweed. Contrast analysis also indicated that GR giant ragweed control with glufosinate plus 2,4-D or dicamba was either consistently higher or comparable with individual herbicides excluding 2,4-D applied alone. Herbicide programs, excluding 2,4-D at 280 g ae ha–1, resulted in ≥ 80% reduction in GR giant ragweed density. Tank-mixing glufosinate with 2,4-D or dicamba showed an additive effect and will be an additional tool with two effective modes of action for the management of GR giant ragweed in maize.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba alone controlled giant ragweed by 56 to 62% at 14 DAT.
- Treatment
- dicamba applied alonee0
- Interactor
- Giant Ragweed
.jpg?width=60)
Ambrosia trifidat0weed - Outcome
- controle0
- Value
- 56 to 62%e0
- Qualifier
- 14 and 28 DATe0
Zea maysNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“dicamba applied alone resulted in 56 to 62% and 73 to 83% control at 14 and 28 DAT, respectively”
t0“Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) in Glufosinate-Resistant Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba alone controlled giant ragweed by 73 to 83% at 28 DAT.
- Treatment
- dicamba applied alonee0
- Interactor
- Giant RagweedAmbrosia trifidat0weed
- Outcome
- controle0
- Value
- 73 to 83%e0
- Qualifier
- 14 and 28 DATe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dicamba applied alone resulted in 56 to 62% and 73 to 83% control at 14 and 28 DAT, respectively”
t0“Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) in Glufosinate-Resistant Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba alone gave at least 95% giant ragweed control at 60 DAT or harvest.
- Treatment
- dicambae1
- Interactor
- Giant RagweedAmbrosia trifidat0weed
- Outcome
- controle0
- Value
- ≥ 95%e0
- Qualifier
- 60 days after treatment (DAT) or at harveste0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“≥ 95% control at 60 days after treatment (DAT) or at harvest”
t0“Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) in Glufosinate-Resistant Maize”
e1“dicamba applied alone resulted in 56 to 62% and 73 to 83% control at 14 and 28 DAT, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D alone at 280 g ai ha–1 controlled giant ragweed by 17 to 30%.
- Treatment
- 2,4-D applied alone at 280 and 560 g ai ha–1e0
- Interactor
- Giant RagweedAmbrosia trifidat0weed
- Outcome
- controle0
- Value
- 17 to 30%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“17 to 30% and 57 to 73% control with 2,4-D applied alone at 280 and 560 g ai ha–1, respectively”
t0“Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) in Glufosinate-Resistant Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D alone at 560 g ai ha–1 controlled giant ragweed by 57 to 73%.
- Treatment
- 2,4-D applied alone at 280 and 560 g ai ha–1e0
- Interactor
- Giant RagweedAmbrosia trifidat0weed
- Outcome
- controle0
- Value
- 57 to 73%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“17 to 30% and 57 to 73% control with 2,4-D applied alone at 280 and 560 g ai ha–1, respectively”
t0“Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) in Glufosinate-Resistant Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate plus 2,4-D consistently provided at least 90% giant ragweed control except at 60 DAT and harvest.
- Treatment
- Glufosinate tank-mixed with 2,4-De0
- Interactor
- GR giant ragweede0weed
- Outcome
- control of GR giant ragweede0
- Value
- ≥ 90%e0
- Qualifier
- at 60 DAT and at harveste0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glufosinate tank-mixed with 2,4-D and/ or dicamba consistently provided ≥ 90% control of GR giant ragweed, except that control with glufosinate plus 2,4-D varied from 80 to 92% at 60 DAT and at harvest”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate plus dicamba consistently provided at least 90% giant ragweed control.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glufosinate tank-mixed with 2,4-D and/ or dicamba consistently provided ≥ 90% control of GR giant ragweed”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate plus 2,4-D gave 80 to 92% ragweed control at 60 DAT and harvest.
- Treatment
- glufosinate plus 2,4-De0
- Interactor
- Giant RagweedAmbrosia trifidat0weed
- Outcome
- controle0
- Value
- 80 to 92%e0
- Qualifier
- at 60 DAT and at harveste0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“control with glufosinate plus 2,4-D varied from 80 to 92% at 60 DAT and at harvest”
t0“Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) in Glufosinate-Resistant Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate plus 2,4-D showed an additive interaction for giant ragweed control.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggested an additive interaction between glufosinate and 2,4-D or dicamba for control of GR giant ragweed”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate plus dicamba showed an additive interaction for giant ragweed control.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggested an additive interaction between glufosinate and 2,4-D or dicamba for control of GR giant ragweed”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate plus 2,4-D controlled ragweed as well as or better than individual herbicides other than 2,4-D alone.
- Treatment
- glufosinate plus 2,4-De0
- Interactor
- GR giant ragweede0weed
- Outcome
- GR giant ragweed controle0
- Direction
- higher or comparablee0
- Comparator
- individual herbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GR giant ragweed control with glufosinate plus 2,4-D or dicamba was either consistently higher or comparable with individual herbicides excluding 2,4-D applied alone”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate plus dicamba controlled ragweed as well as or better than individual herbicides other than 2,4-D alone.
- Treatment
- dicambae0
- Interactor
- GR giant ragweede0weed
- Outcome
- GR giant ragweed controle0
- Direction
- higher or comparablee0
- Comparator
- individual herbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GR giant ragweed control with glufosinate plus 2,4-D or dicamba was either consistently higher or comparable with individual herbicides excluding 2,4-D applied alone”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide programs other than low-rate 2,4-D reduced giant ragweed density by at least 80%.
- Treatment
- Herbicide programse0
- Interactor
- GR giant ragweede0weed
- Outcome
- GR giant ragweed densitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- ≥ 80%e0
- Qualifier
- excluding 2,4-D at 280 g ae ha–1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbicide programs, excluding 2,4-D at 280 g ae ha–1, resulted in ≥ 80% reduction in GR giant ragweed density”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend glufosinate mixtures with 2,4-D or dicamba as a management tool for resistant ragweed in maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tank-mixing glufosinate with 2,4-D or dicamba showed an additive effect and will be an additional tool with two effective modes of action for the management of GR giant ragweed in maize”
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