Abstract
Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted in Nebraska to (1) confirm the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibiting resistant-waterhemp biotype (HPPD-RW) by quantifying the resistance levels in dose-response studies, and (2) to evaluate efficacy of PRE-only, POST-only, and PRE followed by POST herbicide programs for control of HPPD-RW in corn. Greenhouse dose-response studies confirmed that the suspected waterhemp biotype in Nebraska has evolved resistance to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides with a 2- to 18-fold resistance depending upon the type of HPPD-inhibiting herbicide being sprayed. Under field conditions, at 56 d after treatment, ≥90% control of the HPPD-RW was achieved with PRE-applied mesotrione/atrazine/ S- metolachlor+acetochlor, pyroxasulfone (180 and 270 g ai ha −1 ), pyroxasulfone/fluthiacet-methyl/atrazine, and pyroxasulfone+saflufenacil+atrazine. Among POST-only herbicide programs, glyphosate, a premix of mesotrione/atrazine tank-mixed with diflufenzopyr/dicamba, or metribuzin, or glufosinate provided ≥92% HPPD-RW control. Herbicide combinations of different effective sites of action in mixtures provided ≥86% HPPD-RW control in PRE followed by POST herbicide programs. It is concluded that the suspected waterhemp biotype is resistant to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides and alternative herbicide programs are available for effective control in corn. The occurrence of HPPD-RW in Nebraska is significant because it limits the effectiveness of HPPD-inhibiting herbicides.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Nebraska waterhemp had 2- to 18-fold resistance to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides.
Verbatim
e0“the suspected waterhemp biotype in Nebraska has evolved resistance to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides with a 2- to 18-fold resistance depending upon the type of HPPD-inhibiting herbicide being sprayed.”
t0“Waterhemp”
Claim · model-written summary
A PRE mesotrione mixture gave at least 90% waterhemp control.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- PRE-applied mesotrione/atrazine/ S- metolachlor+acetochlore0
- Interactor
- HPPD-RWe0weed
- Outcome
- control of the HPPD-RWe0
- Direction
- controle0
- Value
- ≥90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“≥90% control of the HPPD-RW was achieved with PRE-applied mesotrione/atrazine/ S- metolachlor+acetochlor, pyroxasulfone (180 and 270 g ai ha −1 ), pyroxasulfone/fluthiacet-methyl/atrazine, and pyroxasulfone+saflufenacil+atrazine.”
t0“control of HPPD-RW in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE pyroxasulfone gave at least 90% waterhemp control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- pyroxasulfone (180 and 270 g ai ha −1 )e0
- Interactor
- HPPD-RWe0weed
- Outcome
- control of the HPPD-RWe0
- Direction
- controle0
- Value
- ≥90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“≥90% control of the HPPD-RW was achieved with PRE-applied mesotrione/atrazine/ S- metolachlor+acetochlor, pyroxasulfone (180 and 270 g ai ha −1 ), pyroxasulfone/fluthiacet-methyl/atrazine, and pyroxasulfone+saflufenacil+atrazine.”
t0“control of HPPD-RW in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE pyroxasulfone/fluthiacet-methyl/atrazine gave at least 90% control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- pyroxasulfone/fluthiacet-methyl/atrazinee0
- Interactor
- HPPD-RWe0weed
- Outcome
- control of the HPPD-RWe0
- Direction
- controle0
- Value
- ≥90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“≥90% control of the HPPD-RW was achieved with PRE-applied mesotrione/atrazine/ S- metolachlor+acetochlor, pyroxasulfone (180 and 270 g ai ha −1 ), pyroxasulfone/fluthiacet-methyl/atrazine, and pyroxasulfone+saflufenacil+atrazine.”
t0“control of HPPD-RW in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE pyroxasulfone+saflufenacil+atrazine gave at least 90% control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- pyroxasulfone+saflufenacil+atrazinee0
- Interactor
- HPPD-RWe0weed
- Outcome
- control of the HPPD-RWe0
- Direction
- controle0
- Value
- ≥90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“≥90% control of the HPPD-RW was achieved with PRE-applied mesotrione/atrazine/ S- metolachlor+acetochlor, pyroxasulfone (180 and 270 g ai ha −1 ), pyroxasulfone/fluthiacet-methyl/atrazine, and pyroxasulfone+saflufenacil+atrazine.”
t0“control of HPPD-RW in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
POST glyphosate gave at least 92% waterhemp control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- glyphosatee0
- Interactor
- HPPD-RWe0weed
- Outcome
- HPPD-RW controle0
- Direction
- controle0
- Value
- ≥92%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glyphosate, a premix of mesotrione/atrazine tank-mixed with diflufenzopyr/dicamba, or metribuzin, or glufosinate provided ≥92% HPPD-RW control.”
t0“control of HPPD-RW in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
POST mesotrione/atrazine with diflufenzopyr/dicamba gave at least 92% control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- a premix of mesotrione/atrazine tank-mixed with diflufenzopyr/dicambae0
- Interactor
- HPPD-RWe0weed
- Outcome
- HPPD-RW controle0
- Direction
- controle0
- Value
- ≥92%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glyphosate, a premix of mesotrione/atrazine tank-mixed with diflufenzopyr/dicamba, or metribuzin, or glufosinate provided ≥92% HPPD-RW control.”
t0“control of HPPD-RW in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
POST metribuzin gave at least 92% waterhemp control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- metribuzine0
- Interactor
- HPPD-RWe0weed
- Outcome
- HPPD-RW controle0
- Direction
- controle0
- Value
- ≥92%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glyphosate, a premix of mesotrione/atrazine tank-mixed with diflufenzopyr/dicamba, or metribuzin, or glufosinate provided ≥92% HPPD-RW control.”
t0“control of HPPD-RW in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
POST glufosinate gave at least 92% waterhemp control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- glufosinatee0
- Interactor
- HPPD-RWe0weed
- Outcome
- HPPD-RW controle0
- Direction
- controle0
- Value
- ≥92%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glyphosate, a premix of mesotrione/atrazine tank-mixed with diflufenzopyr/dicamba, or metribuzin, or glufosinate provided ≥92% HPPD-RW control.”
t0“control of HPPD-RW in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE followed by POST mixtures gave at least 86% waterhemp control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Herbicide combinations of different effective sites of action in mixturese0
- Interactor
- HPPD-RWe0weed
- Outcome
- HPPD-RW controle0
- Direction
- controle0
- Value
- ≥86%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbicide combinations of different effective sites of action in mixtures provided ≥86% HPPD-RW control in PRE followed by POST herbicide programs.”
t0“control of HPPD-RW in corn”
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See all 22 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.