Abstract
Two Safflower (Carthamus tinctoriusL.) cultivars' seeds were used to study the influence of inoculation with mycorrhiza arbuscular fungi under salinity stress condition. Factorial experiment based on completely randomized design (three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)) with 3 replications was used. Salinity treatment with 3 levels (0.5, 6, and 12 dS/m) and mycorrhizal arbuscular inoculation with two species (three levels consist of non-inoculation, and inoculation with Glomus intraradices and G. moseae) were applied on two cultivars of safflower (Goldasht and Padide) in this experiment. Some important biochemical, mineral, and growth traits were measured in this study. Salinity had a significant negative effect on all growth and morphological parameters including shoot and root dry weight, stem and root height. On the other hand, colonized plants showed better growth parameters under saline conditions compared with the control. The colonization of both mycorrhizal species decreased with salinity. Sugar and pigment content decreased with salinity, but their levels in colonized plants under saline conditions were higher than that in non-colonized plants. Mineral elements including phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and magnesium (Mg) were higher in colonized plants, while salinity decreased the absorption of these elements in both inoculated and non-inoculated plants. Higher activity of the enzymatic antioxidant means higher removal of these compounds and higher resistance to stress condition. Overall, it is clear that salinity had a negative effect on both cultivars of safflower, but these negative effects were lower in inoculated plants than in the non-inoculated ones; so, the use of mycorrhizal inoculation is a proper way to control the effect of salinity and maintain plant production.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity significantly reduced safflower shoot and root dry weight and stem and root height.
- Taxon
- safflower
Carthamus tinctoriust0 - Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- shoot and root dry weight, stem and root heighte0
- Direction
- negative effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower”
e0“Salinity had a significant negative effect on all growth and morphological parameters including shoot and root dry weight, stem and root height”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal colonization improved safflower growth under salinity relative to controls.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- colonizede0
- Outcome
- growth parameterse0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Qualifier
- under saline conditionse0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower”
e0“colonized plants showed better growth parameters under saline conditions compared with the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced colonization by both mycorrhizal species.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizal speciese0symbiont
- Outcome
- colonization of both mycorrhizal speciese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower”
e0“The colonization of both mycorrhizal species decreased with salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced safflower sugar and pigment content.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- Sugar and pigment contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower”
e0“Sugar and pigment content decreased with salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Colonized safflower maintained higher sugar and pigment levels under salinity than non-colonized plants.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- colonized plantse0
- Outcome
- Sugar and pigment contente1
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- non-colonized plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower”
e0“their levels in colonized plants under saline conditions were higher than that in non-colonized plants”
e1“Sugar and pigment content decreased with salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Colonized safflower had higher phosphorus, nitrogen and magnesium levels.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- colonized plantse0
- Outcome
- phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and magnesium (Mg)e0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower”
e0“Mineral elements including phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and magnesium (Mg) were higher in colonized plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased phosphorus, nitrogen and magnesium absorption in inoculated and non-inoculated safflower.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- absorption of these elementse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- both inoculated and non-inoculated plantse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower”
e0“Mineral elements including phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and magnesium (Mg) were higher in colonized plants, while salinity decreased the absorption of these elements in both inoculated and non-inoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend mycorrhizal inoculation to mitigate salinity effects and maintain safflower production.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Outcome
- use of mycorrhizal inoculatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower”
e0“the use of mycorrhizal inoculation is a proper way to control the effect of salinity and maintain plant production”
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