Abstract
Modifying biochar with nano-nutrients is one of the most effective methods in improving the efficiency of biochar in reducing the adverse effects of environmental stresses such as salinity on plant growth and productivity. The possible effects of solid biochar, nano-silicon dioxide enriched biochar, nano-calcium carbonate enriched biochar, and combined application of these enriched biochars on physiological performance of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) were evaluated under different levels of salt stress (non-saline, 6 and 12 dSm−1). Salt stress increased sodium content, reactive oxygen species generation, and antioxidant enzymes activity, but decreased potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, silicon, photosynthetic pigments, leaf water content, and seed yield (by about 36%) of safflower plants. The addition of biochar forms to the saline soil improved growth (up to 24.6%) and seed yield (up to 37%) of safflower by reducing sodium accumulation (by about 32%) and ROS generation and enhancing nutrient uptake, photosynthetic pigments, and water contents of leaves. The combined forms of enriched biochars were the best treatment on reducing salt stress effects on safflower plants. Therefore, application of enriched biochars has a high potential to reduce the harmful effects of salt stress on plants.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased sodium content, reactive oxygen species generation and antioxidant enzyme activity in safflower.
- Taxon
- safflower
Carthamus tinctoriust0 - Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- sodium content, reactive oxygen species generation, and antioxidant enzymes activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- non-salinee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress increased sodium content, reactive oxygen species generation, and antioxidant enzymes activity”
t0“safflower plant performance”
e1“non-saline”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased potassium, calcium and magnesium in safflower.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- potassium, calcium, magnesiume1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“different levels of salt stress”
e1“decreased potassium, calcium, magnesium”
t0“safflower plant performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased iron, zinc and silicon in safflower.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- iron, zinc, silicone1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“different levels of salt stress”
e1“decreased potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, silicon”
t0“safflower plant performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased photosynthetic pigments and leaf water content in safflower.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments, leaf water contente1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“different levels of salt stress”
e1“decreased potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, silicon, photosynthetic pigments, leaf water content”
t0“safflower plant performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased seed yield of safflower by about 36%.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- seed yielde1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 36%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“different levels of salt stress”
e1“decreased potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, silicon, photosynthetic pigments, leaf water content, and seed yield (by about 36%)”
t0“safflower plant performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding biochar forms to saline soil improved safflower growth by up to 24.6%.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- addition of biochar formse0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- up to 24.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of biochar forms to the saline soil improved growth (up to 24.6%)”
t0“safflower plant performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding biochar forms to saline soil improved safflower seed yield by up to 37%.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- addition of biochar formse0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- up to 37%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of biochar forms to the saline soil improved growth (up to 24.6%) and seed yield (up to 37%)”
t0“safflower plant performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar addition reduced sodium accumulation by about 32%.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- addition of biochar formse0
- Outcome
- sodium accumulatione1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Value
- 32%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of biochar forms to the saline soil”
e1“reducing sodium accumulation (by about 32%)”
t0“safflower plant performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar addition reduced ROS generation in safflower.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- addition of biochar formse0
- Outcome
- ROS generatione1
- Direction
- reducinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of biochar forms to the saline soil”
e1“reducing sodium accumulation (by about 32%) and ROS generation”
t0“safflower plant performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar addition enhanced nutrient uptake, photosynthetic pigments and water contents of leaves in safflower.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- addition of biochar formse0
- Outcome
- nutrient uptake, photosynthetic pigments, and water contents of leavese1
- Direction
- enhancinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of biochar forms to the saline soil”
e1“enhancing nutrient uptake, photosynthetic pigments, and water contents of leaves”
t0“safflower plant performance”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined forms of enriched biochars were the best treatment for reducing salt stress effects on safflower.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0
- Treatment
- combined forms of enriched biocharse0
- Outcome
- reducing salt stress effectse0
- Direction
- best treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined forms of enriched biochars were the best treatment on reducing salt stress effects on safflower plants”
The same questions in other papers
biochar · growth · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
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salinity · physiology: oxidative · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- negative
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →salinity · physiology: photosynthesis · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
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3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →salinity · yield · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
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See all 11 papers →biochar · physiology: oxidative · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
salinity · nutrient: content · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
biochar · yield · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.