Abstract
In the present study, we used exogenous naringenin (0.5 mM) pretreatment before the stress (25 mM NaCl) on the growth and tolerance of safflower seedlings under non-salinity conditions and salinity conditions. Our results showed that salinity treatment significantly declined the biomass, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content, K+ content, and K+/Na+ ratio by 28%, 28%, 12%, 36%, and 56%, respectively, as compared to untreated control. The results obtained in the present study showed the beneficial effects of the pretreatment of naringenin in safflower seedlings under non-salinity conditions concerning increasing plant biomass, total phenolic compound, radical scavenging activity (RSA), soluble sugar content, proline, glutathione, enzymatic antioxidants, and K+ content. Nevertheless, naringenin pretreated plants showed a clear increment in the values of biomass, RSA, total phenolic compound, and catalase enzyme activity parameters under salinity stress. Salinity stress caused ionic phytotoxicity and oxidative stress by enhancing Na+ content, H2O2 accumulation, malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidants. However, naringenin alleviated salt-induced oxidative stress by decreasing H2O2 and MDA content in the leaves and improving the catalase activity in treated plants. Generally, it could be concluded pretreatment of naringenin before stress could partly diminish NaCl-caused oxidative stress in safflower seedlings, probably due to improvement in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and reduced cell membrane damage.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced safflower seedling biomass by 28%.
- Taxon
- safflower seedlings
Carthamus tinctoriuse1 - Treatment
- salinity treatmente0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 28%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity treatment significantly declined the biomass, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content, K+ content, and K+/Na+ ratio by 28%, 28%, 12%, 36%, and 56%, respectively, as compared to untreated control.”
e1“pretreatment of naringenin in safflower seedlings under non-salinity conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced leaf relative water content by 28%.
- Taxon
- safflower seedlingsCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- salinity treatmente0
- Outcome
- leaf relative water contente0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 28%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity treatment significantly declined the biomass, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content, K+ content, and K+/Na+ ratio by 28%, 28%, 12%, 36%, and 56%, respectively, as compared to untreated control.”
e1“pretreatment of naringenin in safflower seedlings under non-salinity conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced chlorophyll content by 12%.
- Taxon
- safflower seedlingsCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- salinity treatmente0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 12%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity treatment significantly declined the biomass, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content, K+ content, and K+/Na+ ratio by 28%, 28%, 12%, 36%, and 56%, respectively, as compared to untreated control.”
e1“pretreatment of naringenin in safflower seedlings under non-salinity conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced K+ content by 36%.
- Taxon
- safflower seedlingsCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- salinity treatmente0
- Outcome
- K+ contente0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 36%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity treatment significantly declined the biomass, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content, K+ content, and K+/Na+ ratio by 28%, 28%, 12%, 36%, and 56%, respectively, as compared to untreated control.”
e1“pretreatment of naringenin in safflower seedlings under non-salinity conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced the K+/Na+ ratio by 56%.
- Taxon
- safflower seedlingsCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- salinity treatmente0
- Outcome
- K+/Na+ ratioe0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 56%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity treatment significantly declined the biomass, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content, K+ content, and K+/Na+ ratio by 28%, 28%, 12%, 36%, and 56%, respectively, as compared to untreated control.”
e1“pretreatment of naringenin in safflower seedlings under non-salinity conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Without salinity, naringenin increased biomass, total phenolics, and radical scavenging activity.
- Taxon
- safflower seedlingsCarthamus tinctoriuse0
- Treatment
- pretreatment of naringenine0
- Outcome
- plant biomass, total phenolic compound, radical scavenging activity (RSA)e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“beneficial effects of the pretreatment of naringenin in safflower seedlings under non-salinity conditions concerning increasing plant biomass, total phenolic compound, radical scavenging activity (RSA), soluble sugar content, proline, glutathione, enzymatic antioxidants, and K+ content.”
Claim · model-written summary
Without salinity, naringenin increased soluble sugar, proline, and glutathione.
- Taxon
- safflower seedlingsCarthamus tinctoriuse0
- Treatment
- pretreatment of naringenine0
- Outcome
- soluble sugar content, proline, glutathionee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“beneficial effects of the pretreatment of naringenin in safflower seedlings under non-salinity conditions concerning increasing plant biomass, total phenolic compound, radical scavenging activity (RSA), soluble sugar content, proline, glutathione, enzymatic antioxidants, and K+ content.”
Claim · model-written summary
Without salinity, naringenin increased enzymatic antioxidants and K+ content.
- Taxon
- safflower seedlingsCarthamus tinctoriuse0
- Treatment
- pretreatment of naringenine0
- Outcome
- enzymatic antioxidants, and K+ contente0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“beneficial effects of the pretreatment of naringenin in safflower seedlings under non-salinity conditions concerning increasing plant biomass, total phenolic compound, radical scavenging activity (RSA), soluble sugar content, proline, glutathione, enzymatic antioxidants, and K+ content.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salinity stress, naringenin pretreatment increased biomass, radical scavenging activity, and total phenolics.
- Taxon
- safflower seedlingsCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- naringenine0
- Outcome
- biomass, RSA, total phenolic compounde0
- Direction
- incremente0
- Qualifier
- under salinity stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“naringenin pretreated plants showed a clear increment in the values of biomass, RSA, total phenolic compound, and catalase enzyme activity parameters under salinity stress.”
e1“pretreatment of naringenin in safflower seedlings under non-salinity conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salinity stress, naringenin pretreatment increased catalase enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- safflower seedlingsCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- naringenine0
- Outcome
- catalase enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- incremente0
- Qualifier
- under salinity stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“naringenin pretreated plants showed a clear increment in the values of biomass, RSA, total phenolic compound, and catalase enzyme activity parameters under salinity stress.”
e1“pretreatment of naringenin in safflower seedlings under non-salinity conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased Na+ and H2O2 accumulation and malondialdehyde.
- Taxon
- safflower seedlingsCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- Na+ content, H2O2 accumulation, malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress caused ionic phytotoxicity and oxidative stress by enhancing Na+ content, H2O2 accumulation, malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidants.”
e1“pretreatment of naringenin in safflower seedlings under non-salinity conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased antioxidant levels.
- Taxon
- safflower seedlingsCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- antioxidantse0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress caused ionic phytotoxicity and oxidative stress by enhancing Na+ content, H2O2 accumulation, malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidants.”
e1“pretreatment of naringenin in safflower seedlings under non-salinity conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Naringenin reduced leaf H2O2 and MDA content under salinity.
- Taxon
- safflower seedlingsCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- naringenine0
- Outcome
- H2O2 and MDA contente0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“naringenin alleviated salt-induced oxidative stress by decreasing H2O2 and MDA content in the leaves and improving the catalase activity in treated plants.”
e1“pretreatment of naringenin in safflower seedlings under non-salinity conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Naringenin improved catalase activity under salinity.
- Taxon
- safflower seedlingsCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- naringenine0
- Outcome
- catalase activitye0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“naringenin alleviated salt-induced oxidative stress by decreasing H2O2 and MDA content in the leaves and improving the catalase activity in treated plants.”
e1“pretreatment of naringenin in safflower seedlings under non-salinity conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude naringenin pretreatment partly reduces salt-induced oxidative stress, possibly through antioxidants and less membrane damage.
- Taxon
- safflower seedlingsCarthamus tinctoriuse0
- Treatment
- pretreatment of naringenine0
- Outcome
- NaCl-caused oxidative stresse0
- Qualifier
- probably due to improvement in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and reduced cell membrane damagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pretreatment of naringenin before stress could partly diminish NaCl-caused oxidative stress in safflower seedlings, probably due to improvement in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and reduced cell membrane damage.”
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