Abstract
Introduction and purpose: The ability of apple rootstocks to become infected by Neonectria ditissima, the cause of European canker, was studied over two years.Materials and methods: Rootstocks B9 and M9 with a size suitable for grafting (6-10 mm stem diameter, termed rootstocks), and smaller sized rootstocks (<5 mm stem diameter, termed transplants) of B9, M9, M26, MM106 and Antonovka were inoculated with N. ditissima at different times, either with contaminated map pins or with spore suspensions. In addition, the rootstocks were either defeathered (side shoots removed), topped (top shoot headed) or both, to create wounds that would normally occur during propagation, while wounds on transplants were made by removing leaves.Results and discussion: One month after inoculation, slightly sunken canker lesions had developed around the inoculation points of the map pins or wounds. No lesions developed on the non-inoculated controls. Map pin inoculation resulted in 30% to 89% infection and spore suspension sprayed on wounds from 5% to 45% infection. When the cankered areas were split open, brown lesions with necrotic tissue due to infection by N. ditissima appeared. The transplants of M9, M26 and MM106 inoculated with contaminated map pins in 2014 developed necrosis on 40% to 67% of the plants, but there were no differences in the incidence or severity among the different types. On the transplants of B9, Antonovka and M9 inoculated in 2015, there was more necrosis on B9 (42%) than on Antonovka (11%) and more sporulating lesions on B9 (29%) than on M9 (9%) or on Antonovka (4%).Conclusion: It can be concluded that rootstocks used for apple trees may become infected by N. ditissima, and wounds should thus be protected during propagation.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated rootstocks developed slightly sunken canker lesions after one month.
Not reportedMaterialGeneInteractorInteractor roleTreatmentComparatorSettingDirectionValueQualifier
Verbatim
e0“One month after inoculation, slightly sunken canker lesions had developed around the inoculation points of the map pins or wounds.”
t0“Apple rootstocks”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-inoculated controls developed no lesions.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Outcome
- No lesionse0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated controlse0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleTreatmentSettingDirectionValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No lesions developed on the non-inoculated controls.”
t0“Apple rootstocks”
Claim · model-written summary
Map pin inoculation produced 30% to 89% infection.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Map pin inoculatione0
- Outcome
- infectione0
- Value
- 30% to 89%e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleComparatorSettingDirectionQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Map pin inoculation resulted in 30% to 89% infection”
t0“Apple rootstocks”
Claim · model-written summary
Spore suspension sprayed on wounds produced 5% to 45% infection.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- spore suspension sprayed on woundse0
- Outcome
- infectione0
- Value
- 5% to 45%e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleComparatorSettingDirectionQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spore suspension sprayed on wounds from 5% to 45% infection.”
t0“Apple rootstocks”
Claim · model-written summary
Split cankers showed brown necrotic tissue from N. ditissima infection.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- N. ditissima
Neonectria ditissimae0pathogen - Outcome
- brown lesions with necrotic tissuee0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageTreatmentComparatorSettingDirectionValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“brown lesions with necrotic tissue due to infection by N. ditissima appeared.”
t0“Apple rootstocks”
Claim · model-written summary
M9, M26 and MM106 transplants showed necrosis on 40% to 67% of plants after contaminated map pin inoculation in 2014.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- M9, M26 and MM106e0
- Treatment
- contaminated map pinse0
- Outcome
- necrosise0
- Value
- 40% to 67%e0
Not reportedGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleComparatorSettingDirectionQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The transplants of M9, M26 and MM106 inoculated with contaminated map pins in 2014 developed necrosis on 40% to 67% of the plants”
t0“Apple rootstocks”
Claim · model-written summary
Incidence and severity did not differ among the three transplant types.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- incidence or severitye0
- Direction
- no differencese0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleTreatmentComparatorSettingValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there were no differences in the incidence or severity among the different types.”
t0“Apple rootstocks”
Claim · model-written summary
B9 transplants had more necrosis than Antonovka transplants in 2015.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- B9e0
- Outcome
- necrosise0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 42%e0
- Qualifier
- 11%e0
- Comparator
- Antonovkae0
Not reportedGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleTreatmentSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was more necrosis on B9 (42%) than on Antonovka (11%)”
t0“Apple rootstocks”
Claim · model-written summary
B9 transplants had more sporulating lesions than M9 and Antonovka transplants.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- B9e0
- Outcome
- sporulating lesionse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 29%e0
- Qualifier
- 9%e0
- Comparator
- M9e0
Not reportedGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleTreatmentSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“more sporulating lesions on B9 (29%) than on M9 (9%) or on Antonovka (4%)”
t0“Apple rootstocks”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend protecting wounds during apple rootstock propagation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- wounds should thus be protected during propagatione0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleTreatmentComparatorSettingDirectionValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wounds should thus be protected during propagation.”
t0“Apple rootstocks”
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