Abstract
Exogenous application of a cytokinin-like compound forchlorfenuron (CPPU) can promote fruit growth, although often at the expense of dry matter (DM), an important indicator of fruit quality. Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa 'Hayward' fruit are very responsive to CPPU treatments, but the mechanism underlying the significant fruit weight increase and associated decrease in DM is unclear. In this study, we hypothesised that CPPU-enhanced growth increases fruit carbohydrate demand, but limited carbohydrate supply resulted in decreased fruit DM. During fruit development, CPPU effects on physical parameters, metabolites, osmotic pressure and transcriptional changes were assessed under conditions of both standard and a high carbohydrate supply. We showed that CPPU increased fruit fresh weight but the dramatic DM decrease was not carbohydrate limited. Enhanced glucose and fructose concentrations contributed to an increase in soluble carbohydrate osmotic pressure, which was correlated with increased water accumulation in CPPU-treated fruit and up-regulation of water channel aquaporin gene PIP2.4 at 49 days after anthesis. Transcipt analysis suggested that the molecular mechanism contributing to increased glucose and fructose concentrations was altered by carbohydrate supply. At standard carbohydrate supply, the early glucose increase in CPPU fruit was associated with reduced starch synthesis and increased starch degradation. When carbohydrate supply was high, the early glucose increase in CPPU fruit was associated with a general decrease in starch synthesis but up-regulation of vacuolar invertase and fructokinase genes. We conclude that CPPU affected fruit expansion by increasing the osmotically-driven water uptake and its effect was not carbohydrate supply-limited.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
CPPU increased kiwifruit fruit fresh weight.
- Taxon
- Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa
Actinidia deliciosat0 - Treatment
- CPPUe1
- Outcome
- fruit fresh weighte1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ fruit”
e1“CPPU increased fruit fresh weight”
Claim · model-written summary
CPPU caused a dramatic decrease in fruit dry matter that was not carbohydrate limited.
- Taxon
- Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosaActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- CPPUe1
- Outcome
- dry matter (DM)e0
- Direction
- decreasee2
- Qualifier
- not carbohydrate limitede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ fruit”
e0“at the expense of dry matter (DM)”
e1“CPPU increased fruit fresh weight”
e2“the dramatic DM decrease was not carbohydrate limited”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced glucose and fructose concentrations were associated with an increase in soluble carbohydrate osmotic pressure.
- Taxon
- Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosaActinidia deliciosat0
- Compound
- glucose and fructosee3
- Outcome
- soluble carbohydrate osmotic pressuree3
- Direction
- increasee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ fruit”
e3“Enhanced glucose and fructose concentrations contributed to an increase in soluble carbohydrate osmotic pressure”
Claim · model-written summary
Osmotic pressure was correlated with increased water accumulation in CPPU-treated fruit.
- Taxon
- Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosaActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- CPPUe4
- Outcome
- water accumulatione4
- Direction
- increasede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ fruit”
e4“which was correlated with increased water accumulation in CPPU-treated fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
CPPU up-regulated the water channel aquaporin gene PIP2.4 at 49 days after anthesis.
- Taxon
- Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosaActinidia deliciosat0
- Organ / stage
- 49 days after anthesise5
- Treatment
- CPPUe1
- Gene
- PIP2.4e5
- Outcome
- water channel aquaporin gene PIP2.4e5
- Direction
- up-regulatione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ fruit”
e1“CPPU increased fruit fresh weight”
e5“up-regulation of water channel aquaporin gene PIP2.4 at 49 days after anthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcript analysis suggested that the mechanism behind increased glucose and fructose concentrations was altered by carbohydrate supply.
- Taxon
- Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosaActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- carbohydrate supplye6
- Outcome
- molecular mechanism contributing to increased glucose and fructose concentrationse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ fruit”
e6“Transcipt analysis suggested that the molecular mechanism contributing to increased glucose and fructose concentrations was altered by carbohydrate supply”
Claim · model-written summary
At standard carbohydrate supply, the early glucose increase in CPPU fruit was associated with reduced starch synthesis.
- Taxon
- Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosaActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- standard carbohydrate supplye7
- Compound
- glucosee7
- Outcome
- starch synthesise7
- Direction
- reducede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ fruit”
e7“At standard carbohydrate supply, the early glucose increase in CPPU fruit was associated with reduced starch synthesis and increased starch degradation”
Claim · model-written summary
At standard carbohydrate supply, the early glucose increase in CPPU fruit was associated with increased starch degradation.
- Taxon
- Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosaActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- standard carbohydrate supplye7
- Compound
- glucosee7
- Outcome
- starch degradatione7
- Direction
- increasede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ fruit”
e7“At standard carbohydrate supply, the early glucose increase in CPPU fruit was associated with reduced starch synthesis and increased starch degradation”
Claim · model-written summary
When carbohydrate supply was high, the early glucose increase in CPPU fruit was associated with a general decrease in starch synthesis.
- Taxon
- Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosaActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- carbohydrate supply was highe6
- Compound
- glucosee6
- Outcome
- starch synthesise6
- Direction
- decreasee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ fruit”
e6“When carbohydrate supply was high, the early glucose increase in CPPU fruit was associated with a general decrease in starch synthesis but up-regulation of vacuolar invertase and fructokinase genes”
Claim · model-written summary
When carbohydrate supply was high, the early glucose increase in CPPU fruit was associated with up-regulation of vacuolar invertase and fructokinase genes.
- Taxon
- Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosaActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- carbohydrate supply was highe6
- Gene
- vacuolar invertase and fructokinase genese6
- Outcome
- vacuolar invertase and fructokinase genese6
- Direction
- up-regulatione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ fruit”
e6“When carbohydrate supply was high, the early glucose increase in CPPU fruit was associated with a general decrease in starch synthesis but up-regulation of vacuolar invertase and fructokinase genes”
Claim · model-written summary
CPPU increased fruit expansion by increasing osmotically-driven water uptake, and this effect was not limited by carbohydrate supply.
- Taxon
- Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosaActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- CPPUe7
- Outcome
- fruit expansione7
- Qualifier
- osmotically-driven water uptakee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ fruit”
e7“CPPU affected fruit expansion by increasing the osmotically-driven water uptake”
The same questions in other papers
forchlorfenuron · growth · Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.