Abstract
In the North China Plain (NCP), drought and groundwater overdraft threaten winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. The objective of this study was to improve water use efficiency (WUE) under deficit irrigation. A three-year field experiment was conducted with four sowing dates (SD; SD1: October 10, SD2: October 20, SD3: October 30, and SD4: November 10) using two cultivars (Jimai22 [JM22] and Shimai15 [SM15]). As SD was delayed, seeding rate (SR) increased from 450 seeds m−2 in SD1 to 600, 700, and 800 seeds m−2 in SD2, SD3, and SD4, respectively. Relative to the normal SD (SD1), moderately delaying SD to SD2 with increased SR did not reduce yield (SD1: 8.79 Mg ha−1 and SD2: 8.72 Mg ha−1). Delaying SD to SD3 and SD4 reduced yield by 9% and 11.3% (SD3: 8 Mg ha−1 and SD4: 7.74 Mg ha−1). Delaying SD increased WUE from 1.83 kg m−3 in SD1 to 2.07 kg m−3 in SD4. The increase in WUE associated with delayed SD was attributed to shorter vegetative stage and decreased preanthesis evapotranspiration (ET). Under deficit irrigation, soil water availability and photosynthetic rate (Pn) during grain filling were higher as SD was delayed. As SD was delayed, the ratios of spike number to maximum stem number, postanthesis ET to seasonal ET, spike biomass to biomass at anthesis, and postanthesis biomass to total biomass all increased, resulting in higher harvest index and WUE. The yield reduction on SD4 was attributed to a reduced number of grains per spike due to decreased preanthesis biomass and thousand-grain weight (TGW). Comparing two cultivars, JM22 had higher Pn, postanthesis biomass, and TGW, but lower biomass remobilization (BMR) during grain filling. On SD4, JM22 had higher yield and WUE than SM15. In conclusion, under deficit irrigation in the NCP, moderately delaying sowing (SD2) with increased SR can obtain both high yield and high WUE. Extremely late sowing (SD4) with increased SR can maximize WUE and minimize yield loss, especially in cultivar JM22.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Moderately delayed sowing with higher seeding rate did not reduce wheat yield versus normal sowing.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- moderately delaying SD to SD2 with increased SRe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
- Value
- 8.72 Mg ha−1e0
- Comparator
- SD1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relative to the normal SD (SD1), moderately delaying SD to SD2 with increased SR did not reduce yield (SD1: 8.79 Mg ha−1 and SD2: 8.72 Mg ha−1).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
SD3 reduced yield by 9% relative to SD1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Delaying SD to SD3 and SD4 reduced yield by 9% and 11.3% (SD3: 8 Mg ha−1 and SD4: 7.74 Mg ha−1).”
t0“wheat”
e1“Relative to the normal SD (SD1), moderately delaying SD to SD2 with increased SR did not reduce yield (SD1: 8.79 Mg ha−1 and SD2: 8.72 Mg ha−1).”
Claim · model-written summary
SD4 reduced yield by 11.3% relative to SD1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SD4e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 11.3%e0
- Comparator
- SD1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Delaying SD to SD3 and SD4 reduced yield by 9% and 11.3% (SD3: 8 Mg ha−1 and SD4: 7.74 Mg ha−1).”
t0“wheat”
e1“Relative to the normal SD (SD1), moderately delaying SD to SD2 with increased SR did not reduce yield (SD1: 8.79 Mg ha−1 and SD2: 8.72 Mg ha−1).”
Claim · model-written summary
Delaying sowing raised WUE from 1.83 to 2.07 kg m−3.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- delaying SDe0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.07 kg m−3e0
- Comparator
- SD1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Delaying SD increased WUE from 1.83 kg m−3 in SD1 to 2.07 kg m−3 in SD4.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute the WUE increase under delayed sowing to a shorter vegetative stage and lower preanthesis evapotranspiration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- delayed SDe0
- Outcome
- increase in WUEe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- shorter vegetative stage and decreased preanthesis evapotranspiration (ET)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase in WUE associated with delayed SD was attributed to shorter vegetative stage and decreased preanthesis evapotranspiration (ET).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil water availability during grain filling was higher with later sowing under deficit irrigation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- delaying SDe1
- Outcome
- soil water availabilitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- SD was delayede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under deficit irrigation, soil water availability and photosynthetic rate (Pn) during grain filling were higher as SD was delayed.”
t0“wheat”
e1“Relative to the normal SD (SD1), moderately delaying SD to SD2 with increased SR did not reduce yield (SD1: 8.79 Mg ha−1 and SD2: 8.72 Mg ha−1).”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic rate during grain filling was higher with later sowing under deficit irrigation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- delaying SDe1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rate (Pn)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- SD was delayede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under deficit irrigation, soil water availability and photosynthetic rate (Pn) during grain filling were higher as SD was delayed.”
t0“wheat”
e1“Relative to the normal SD (SD1), moderately delaying SD to SD2 with increased SR did not reduce yield (SD1: 8.79 Mg ha−1 and SD2: 8.72 Mg ha−1).”
Claim · model-written summary
Later sowing increased the ratio of spike number to maximum stem number.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- delaying SDe1
- Outcome
- spike number to maximum stem numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- SD was delayede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As SD was delayed, the ratios of spike number to maximum stem number, postanthesis ET to seasonal ET, spike biomass to biomass at anthesis, and postanthesis biomass to total biomass all increased, resulting in higher harvest index and WUE.”
t0“wheat”
e1“Relative to the normal SD (SD1), moderately delaying SD to SD2 with increased SR did not reduce yield (SD1: 8.79 Mg ha−1 and SD2: 8.72 Mg ha−1).”
Claim · model-written summary
Later sowing increased the ratio of postanthesis ET to seasonal ET.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- delaying SDe1
- Outcome
- postanthesis ET to seasonal ETe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- SD was delayede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As SD was delayed, the ratios of spike number to maximum stem number, postanthesis ET to seasonal ET, spike biomass to biomass at anthesis, and postanthesis biomass to total biomass all increased, resulting in higher harvest index and WUE.”
t0“wheat”
e1“Relative to the normal SD (SD1), moderately delaying SD to SD2 with increased SR did not reduce yield (SD1: 8.79 Mg ha−1 and SD2: 8.72 Mg ha−1).”
Claim · model-written summary
Later sowing increased the ratio of spike biomass to biomass at anthesis.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- delaying SDe1
- Outcome
- spike biomass to biomass at anthesise0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- SD was delayede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As SD was delayed, the ratios of spike number to maximum stem number, postanthesis ET to seasonal ET, spike biomass to biomass at anthesis, and postanthesis biomass to total biomass all increased, resulting in higher harvest index and WUE.”
t0“wheat”
e1“Relative to the normal SD (SD1), moderately delaying SD to SD2 with increased SR did not reduce yield (SD1: 8.79 Mg ha−1 and SD2: 8.72 Mg ha−1).”
Claim · model-written summary
Later sowing increased the ratio of postanthesis biomass to total biomass.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- delaying SDe1
- Outcome
- postanthesis biomass to total biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- SD was delayede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As SD was delayed, the ratios of spike number to maximum stem number, postanthesis ET to seasonal ET, spike biomass to biomass at anthesis, and postanthesis biomass to total biomass all increased, resulting in higher harvest index and WUE.”
t0“wheat”
e1“Relative to the normal SD (SD1), moderately delaying SD to SD2 with increased SR did not reduce yield (SD1: 8.79 Mg ha−1 and SD2: 8.72 Mg ha−1).”
Claim · model-written summary
Later sowing resulted in a higher harvest index.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- delaying SDe1
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- SD was delayede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As SD was delayed, the ratios of spike number to maximum stem number, postanthesis ET to seasonal ET, spike biomass to biomass at anthesis, and postanthesis biomass to total biomass all increased, resulting in higher harvest index and WUE.”
t0“wheat”
e1“Relative to the normal SD (SD1), moderately delaying SD to SD2 with increased SR did not reduce yield (SD1: 8.79 Mg ha−1 and SD2: 8.72 Mg ha−1).”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute lower yield on SD4 to fewer grains per spike, lower preanthesis biomass, and lower thousand-grain weight.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SD4e0
- Outcome
- yield reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- reduced number of grains per spike due to decreased preanthesis biomass and thousand-grain weight (TGW)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield reduction on SD4 was attributed to a reduced number of grains per spike due to decreased preanthesis biomass and thousand-grain weight (TGW).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
JM22 had higher Pn than SM15 during grain filling.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- JM22e0
- Outcome
- Pne0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Comparing two cultivars, JM22 had higher Pn, postanthesis biomass, and TGW, but lower biomass remobilization (BMR) during grain filling.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
JM22 had higher postanthesis biomass than SM15 during grain filling.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- JM22e0
- Outcome
- postanthesis biomasse0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Comparing two cultivars, JM22 had higher Pn, postanthesis biomass, and TGW, but lower biomass remobilization (BMR) during grain filling.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
JM22 had higher TGW than SM15 during grain filling.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- JM22e0
- Outcome
- TGWe0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Comparing two cultivars, JM22 had higher Pn, postanthesis biomass, and TGW, but lower biomass remobilization (BMR) during grain filling.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
JM22 had lower biomass remobilization (BMR) than SM15 during grain filling.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- JM22e0
- Outcome
- biomass remobilization (BMR)e0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Comparing two cultivars, JM22 had higher Pn, postanthesis biomass, and TGW, but lower biomass remobilization (BMR) during grain filling.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
On SD4, JM22 had higher yield and WUE than SM15.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- JM22e0
- Treatment
- SD4e0
- Outcome
- yield and WUEe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- SM15e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On SD4, JM22 had higher yield and WUE than SM15.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under deficit irrigation in the NCP, the authors recommend SD2 with increased seeding rate for high yield and WUE.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- moderately delaying sowing (SD2) with increased SRe0
- Outcome
- high yield and high WUEe0
- Setting
- NCPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In conclusion, under deficit irrigation in the NCP, moderately delaying sowing (SD2) with increased SR can obtain both high yield and high WUE.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend SD4 with higher seeding rate to maximize WUE and limit yield loss, especially for JM22.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- JM22e0
- Treatment
- Extremely late sowing (SD4) with increased SRe0
- Outcome
- maximize WUE and minimize yield losse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Extremely late sowing (SD4) with increased SR can maximize WUE and minimize yield loss, especially in cultivar JM22.”
t0“wheat”
The same questions in other papers
density · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
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- no effect
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