Abstract
The issue of sustainable agriculture has attracted considerable attention. Sustainable agriculture encompasses economic viability, social acceptance, conservation of the environment, and food quality. The present thesis aims to evaluate the sustainability of conventional (CON), integrated (INT), and organic (ORG) production systems (PS). The assessment of sustainability of different PS was made in terms of the four most significant aspects of sustainability—agronomic, economic, environmental, and food quality—at the field level (i). Agronomic parameters such as the number of leaves, leaf area index, fruit characteristics, and seed/oil yield and economic feasibility were evaluated for oil seed pumpkin (ii). The environmental sustainability was assessed through the ecological footprint and weed biodiversity index (iii). The study of food quality determined the internal quality (total phenol, sugar, organic acid, vitamin C, mineral, and nitrate content and antioxidant activity) and sensory evaluation (iv, v). The sustainability of the PS for the four crops was assessed using a qualitative multi-attribute model (DEXi methodology (vi). Because field trial was conducted in protected landscapes (PL), the options for the development of PLs with the ORG PS were evaluated. To obtain the data, a field trial was conducted on a 4000 m2 area in the years 2008 to 2011. Wheat, oil seed pumpkin, red beet, and cabbage grown by the three different PSs—CON, INT, and ORG—and a control plot were studied. They were arranged in a randomized complete block split-plot design with four replications. The production systems differed in plant protection and fertilization strategies, as defined by legislation and standards. Survey of literature point out that indicator are the basis of assessing sustainability, the assessment of sustainability should encompass at least three pillars of sustainability (i). Agronomic parameters (ii) and economic feasibility were evaluated for oil seed pumpkin in the field trial. The leaf area index differed significantly between CON (4.8 for CON and 4.1 for ORG) and other production systems at later growth stages (BBCH = 600-700), and it was highly correlated with the yield (808 kg ha-1 for CON and 723 kg ha-1 for ORG). The yield and all agronomic parameters were significantly lower in ORG; however, the economic feasibility analysis showed that the financial results could be higher because of lower production costs (1.784 € ha-1 for CON and 1.434.5 € ha-1 for ORG) and higher product prices. The same economic feasibility analysis results were also obtained for cabbage and red beet (iii). The Biodiversity Ecological Footprint index (iii) were interpreted using the SPIonExcel tool and the Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index for the weeds species diversity. The ecological footprint of ORG was 3.3 times lower than that of CON (21 ha to 70 ha), and the Shannon-Weaver diversity index of ORG was significantly higher than that of CON (which was 20% higher, 0.66 for CON and 0.86 for ORG). The internal quality were studied for red beet and white cabbage. Sensory evaluation of sauerkraut samples was made. In the case of red beet, the differences were significant for vitamin C (23.3% higher for ORG than for CON), antioxidant activity (30.3% higher for ORG than for CON), and some microminerals (Na, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) (iv). In the case of cabbage, a significantly lower amount of P and N and a significantly higher amount of Na, Mg, and total phenols (in ORG 0.360 GAE mg g-1 FW and in CON 0.310 GAE mg g-1 FW) was found for ORG than for CON cabbage. The concentration of nitrates is significantly lower in ORG (530 mg kg-1 for CON and 370.37 mg kg-1 for ORG). The sensory evaluation of sauerkraut samples was performed by 100 consumers using a nine-point hedonic scale. The ORG and control samples were evaluated significantly better than the INT and CON samples (overall acceptability was 5.94 for ORG and 5.34 for CON) (v). The core of the qualitative multi-model (DEXi methodology) is a hierarchical tree that divides
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Pumpkin leaf area index was higher under CON than ORG at later stages.
- Taxon
- oil seed pumpkint0
- Treatment
- CONe0
- Outcome
- leaf area indexe0
- Value
- 4.8e0
- Qualifier
- 4.1 for ORGe0
- Comparator
- ORGe0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The leaf area index differed significantly between CON (4.8 for CON and 4.1 for ORG) and other production systems at later growth stages (BBCH = 600-700)”
t0“Agronomic parameters such as the number of leaves, leaf area index, fruit characteristics, and seed/oil yield and economic feasibility were evaluated for oil seed pumpkin (ii).”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf area index correlated highly with pumpkin yield.
Not reportedOrgan / stageSettingDirection
Verbatim
e0“it was highly correlated with the yield (808 kg ha-1 for CON and 723 kg ha-1 for ORG)”
t0“Agronomic parameters such as the number of leaves, leaf area index, fruit characteristics, and seed/oil yield and economic feasibility were evaluated for oil seed pumpkin (ii).”
Claim · model-written summary
Pumpkin yield was lower in ORG than CON.
Verbatim
e0“The yield and all agronomic parameters were significantly lower in ORG”
t0“Agronomic parameters such as the number of leaves, leaf area index, fruit characteristics, and seed/oil yield and economic feasibility were evaluated for oil seed pumpkin (ii).”
e1“The leaf area index differed significantly between CON (4.8 for CON and 4.1 for ORG) and other production systems at later growth stages (BBCH = 600-700)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pumpkin agronomic parameters were lower in ORG.
Verbatim
e0“The yield and all agronomic parameters were significantly lower in ORG”
t0“Agronomic parameters such as the number of leaves, leaf area index, fruit characteristics, and seed/oil yield and economic feasibility were evaluated for oil seed pumpkin (ii).”
e1“The leaf area index differed significantly between CON (4.8 for CON and 4.1 for ORG) and other production systems at later growth stages (BBCH = 600-700)”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic production had a lower ecological footprint than conventional production.
Verbatim
e0“ecological footprint of ORG was 3.3 times lower than that of CON (21 ha to 70 ha)”
t0“Agronomic parameters such as the number of leaves, leaf area index, fruit characteristics, and seed/oil yield and economic feasibility were evaluated for oil seed pumpkin (ii).”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic plots had higher weed diversity than CON.
Verbatim
e0“Shannon-Weaver diversity index of ORG was significantly higher than that of CON (which was 20% higher, 0.66 for CON and 0.86 for ORG)”
t0“Agronomic parameters such as the number of leaves, leaf area index, fruit characteristics, and seed/oil yield and economic feasibility were evaluated for oil seed pumpkin (ii).”
e2“weeds species diversity”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic red beet had 23.3% higher vitamin C.
Verbatim
e0“In the case of red beet, the differences were significant for vitamin C (23.3% higher for ORG than for CON)”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic red beet had 30.3% higher antioxidant activity.
Verbatim
e0“antioxidant activity (30.3% higher for ORG than for CON)”
t0“The internal quality were studied for red beet and white cabbage.”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic cabbage had lower P and N.
- Taxon
- cabbage
Brassica oleracea var. capitatae0 - Treatment
- ORGe0
- Outcome
- P and Ne0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- CONe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significantly lower amount of P and N and a significantly higher amount of Na, Mg, and total phenols (in ORG 0.360 GAE mg g-1 FW and in CON 0.310 GAE mg g-1 FW) was found for ORG than for CON cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic cabbage had higher Na and Mg.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Treatment
- ORGe0
- Outcome
- Na, Mge0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- CONe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significantly lower amount of P and N and a significantly higher amount of Na, Mg, and total phenols (in ORG 0.360 GAE mg g-1 FW and in CON 0.310 GAE mg g-1 FW) was found for ORG than for CON cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic cabbage had higher total phenols.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Treatment
- ORGe0
- Outcome
- total phenolse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 0.360 GAE mg g-1 FWe0
- Comparator
- CONe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significantly higher amount of Na, Mg, and total phenols (in ORG 0.360 GAE mg g-1 FW and in CON 0.310 GAE mg g-1 FW) was found for ORG than for CON cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic cabbage had lower nitrates.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- ORGe0
- Outcome
- nitratese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 370.37 mg kg-1e0
- Comparator
- CONe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrates is significantly lower in ORG (530 mg kg-1 for CON and 370.37 mg kg-1 for ORG)”
t0“The internal quality were studied for red beet and white cabbage.”
The same questions in other papers
cultivation system · quality: phytochemicals · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
cultivation system · nutrient: content · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.