Abstract
A long-term field experiment was conducted during 200607 to 201415 on organic nutrient management in rice (Oryza sativa L.)potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) cropping system under irrigated conditions in the coastal alluvial sandy loam soil having pH 5.8 and organic carbon 0.62% at Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Eight treatments comprising of five organic, two integrated and one inorganic of nutrient management were tested with three replications in randomized block design. Organic sources of nutrient supply reduced the system yield by 7.6 to 9.7% over the inorganic source in the first year. However, the mean system yield of conversion period (first three cropping system cycles) with organic nutrient management comprising of supply of one-third N each through farm yard manure (FYM), green manuring of dhaincha (Sesbania cannabina) or vermicompost and neem (Azadirachta indica) oilcake + Azospirillum or Azotobacter + phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) was on par with inorganic approach. The mean system yield from fourth to ninth cropping system cycles (after conversion period) with organic sources of nutrient supply, i.e. FYM + green manuring or vermicompost + neem oilcake + Azospirillum or Azotobacter + PSB was significantly higher (11.1%) than that of with inorganic source of nutrient supply i.e., 100% NPK + ZnSO @ 25 kg/ha to rice and 100% NPK + gypsum @ 4 110 kg/ha + borax @ 10 kg/ha + ammonium molybdate @ 0.8 kg/ha to both potato and okra. The organic nutrient management package increased the soil organic carbon and available N, P and K at the end of ninth cropping system cycle over the initial and the build-up was maximum in the soil applied with one third N each through FYM, dhaincha/vermicompost and neem oilcake + Azospirillum/Azotobacter + PSB. The microbial population in terms of colony forming units increased in a higher rate in soils with organic nutrient supply system (bacteria 36.5 to 39.4%, fungi 33.0 to 38.2% and actinomycetes 36.0 to 37.3%) compared to the inorganic source of nutrient supply system (bacteria 5.6%, fungi 10.3% and actinomycetes 12.7%) after ninth cropping system cycle over initial status. The microbial biomass carbon of the soils with organic sources of nutrient supply was enhanced considerably (57.7% to 66.8%) over the initial level (98.7 to 107.4 ?g C/g). Application of one-third N each through FYM, green manur- ing of dhaincha and neem oilcake + Azospirillum + PSB to rice followed by similar combination of FYM, vermicompost, neem oilcake + Azotobacter + PSB to both potato and okra was the best organic nutrient manage- ment practice for ricepotatookra cropping system for improving soil health and productivity. However, this sys- tem can be profitable under organic farming only when on-farm generated organic manures are used.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Organic nutrient sources reduced first-year system yield by 7.6 to 9.7% relative to inorganic sources.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)potato (Solanum tuberosum)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Organic sources of nutrient supplye0
- Outcome
- system yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 7.6 to 9.7%e0
- Comparator
- inorganic sourcee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic sources of nutrient supply reduced the system yield by 7.6 to 9.7% over the inorganic source in the first year”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)potato (Solanum tuberosum)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
During conversion, mean system yield under organic management was on par with the inorganic approach.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)potato (Solanum tuberosum)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- organic nutrient managemente0
- Outcome
- mean system yielde0
- Direction
- on pare0
- Qualifier
- first three cropping system cyclese0
- Comparator
- inorganic approache0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mean system yield of conversion period (first three cropping system cycles) with organic nutrient management comprising of supply of one-third N each through farm yard manure (FYM), green manuring of dhaincha (Sesbania cannabina) or vermicompost and neem (Azadirachta indica) oilcake + Azospirillum or Azotobacter + phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) was on par with inorganic approach”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)potato (Solanum tuberosum)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
After conversion, organic nutrient sources gave 11.1% higher system yield than inorganic sources.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)potato (Solanum tuberosum)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- organic sources of nutrient supplye0
- Outcome
- mean system yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 11.1%e0
- Comparator
- inorganic source of nutrient supplye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mean system yield from fourth to ninth cropping system cycles (after conversion period) with organic sources of nutrient supply, i.e. FYM + green manuring or vermicompost + neem oilcake + Azospirillum or Azotobacter + PSB was significantly higher (11.1%) than that of with inorganic source of nutrient supply”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)potato (Solanum tuberosum)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic nutrient management increased soil organic carbon and available N, P and K after nine cycles.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)potato (Solanum tuberosum)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- organic nutrient management packagee0
- Outcome
- soil organic carbon and available N, P and Ke0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- initiale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The organic nutrient management package increased the soil organic carbon and available N, P and K at the end of ninth cropping system cycle over the initial”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)potato (Solanum tuberosum)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
The greatest soil nutrient buildup occurred under the stated combined manure, green manure or vermicompost, oilcake and inoculant treatment.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)potato (Solanum tuberosum)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- one third N each through FYM, dhaincha/vermicompost and neem oilcake + Azospirillum/Azotobacter + PSBe0
- Outcome
- soil organic carbon and available N, P and Ke1
- Direction
- maximume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the build-up was maximum in the soil applied with one third N each through FYM, dhaincha/vermicompost and neem oilcake + Azospirillum/Azotobacter + PSB”
e1“soil organic carbon and available N, P and K”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)potato (Solanum tuberosum)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial colony-forming units rose 36.5 to 39.4% under organic nutrient supply.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)potato (Solanum tuberosum)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- organic nutrient supply systeme0
- Outcome
- bacteriae0
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 36.5 to 39.4%e0
- Comparator
- inorganic source of nutrient supply systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soils with organic nutrient supply system (bacteria 36.5 to 39.4%, fungi 33.0 to 38.2% and actinomycetes 36.0 to 37.3%) compared to the inorganic source of nutrient supply system”
e1“The microbial population in terms of colony forming units increased in a higher rate”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)potato (Solanum tuberosum)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal colony-forming units rose 33.0 to 38.2% under organic nutrient supply.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)potato (Solanum tuberosum)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- organic nutrient supply systeme0
- Outcome
- fungie0
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 33.0 to 38.2%e0
- Comparator
- inorganic source of nutrient supply systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soils with organic nutrient supply system (bacteria 36.5 to 39.4%, fungi 33.0 to 38.2% and actinomycetes 36.0 to 37.3%) compared to the inorganic source of nutrient supply system”
e1“The microbial population in terms of colony forming units increased in a higher rate”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)potato (Solanum tuberosum)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Actinomycete colony-forming units rose 36.0 to 37.3% under organic nutrient supply.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)potato (Solanum tuberosum)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- organic nutrient supply systeme0
- Outcome
- actinomycetese0
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 36.0 to 37.3%e0
- Comparator
- inorganic source of nutrient supply systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soils with organic nutrient supply system (bacteria 36.5 to 39.4%, fungi 33.0 to 38.2% and actinomycetes 36.0 to 37.3%) compared to the inorganic source of nutrient supply system”
e1“The microbial population in terms of colony forming units increased in a higher rate”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)potato (Solanum tuberosum)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic nutrient supply enhanced soil microbial biomass carbon by 57.7% to 66.8%.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)potato (Solanum tuberosum)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- organic sources of nutrient supplye0
- Outcome
- microbial biomass carbone0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 57.7% to 66.8%e0
- Comparator
- initial levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The microbial biomass carbon of the soils with organic sources of nutrient supply was enhanced considerably (57.7% to 66.8%) over the initial level”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)potato (Solanum tuberosum)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend the specified organic nutrient sequence as the best practice for soil health and productivity.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)potato (Solanum tuberosum)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)Oryza sativat0
- Outcome
- best organic nutrient manage- ment practicee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of one-third N each through FYM, green manur- ing of dhaincha and neem oilcake + Azospirillum + PSB to rice followed by similar combination of FYM, vermicompost, neem oilcake + Azotobacter + PSB to both potato and okra was the best organic nutrient manage- ment practice for ricepotatookra cropping system for improving soil health and productivity”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)potato (Solanum tuberosum)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors say organic farming profitability requires on-farm generated manures.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)potato (Solanum tuberosum)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)Oryza sativat0
- Outcome
- on-farm generated organic manures are usede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this sys- tem can be profitable under organic farming only when on-farm generated organic manures are used”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)potato (Solanum tuberosum)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
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