Abstract
Compost is frequently used in vegetable production in China, however the feedstocks used for these composts come from a variety of sources, some of which could contain herbicide residues. To evaluate the risk of herbicides on compost products used as growth substrates, we chose three sensitive vegetable crops: green bean, tomato, and cucumber, and grew them in compost without herbicide (CK), with Clopyralid (C1, 0.001 μg/g), Trifluralin (C2, 0.05 μg/g), Imprelis (C3, 0.01 μg/g), and mixed-herbicides (CM). In the CM treatment, all of the herbicides were added at 1/10 the concentration of the single treatments. The media were amended with the composts at 0, 5, 10, and 20%. Emergence rate, Seedling Vigor Index (SVI) and various growth indexes (shoot height, stem diameter, leaf area, root dry weight, and plant biomass) were determined after 45 days. The results indicated that: compost without herbicides (CK) had a positive influence on plant emergence (except green bean), VSI, and growth. The influence increased with each addition up to 20%. Contaminated composts significantly reduced the emergence rate of tomato and cucumber, especially cucumber; the VSI of tomato and cucumber, especially for tomato; and some of the grown indexes of the three crops. The inhibition was more obvious for tomato and cucumber than for green bean. The inhibition of growth index was greater in CM-20 than the other treatments, even though lower concentrations of each herbicide were used. Compost containing Trifluralin had the most inhibitory effect among the three single herbicides. However, the inhibitory effects varied in the different treatments. In conclusion, compost can increase the emergence rate and plant growth index (shoot height, stem diameter, leaf area, root dry weight, and plant biomass), but composts polluted by herbicides had negative impacts on plant growth, especially at higher compost amendment ratios of 20%. Therefore, the utilization of compost made from agricultural wastes, especially in vegetable fields, should be closely monitored.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Clean compost improved tomato and cucumber emergence, increasingly through 20% amendment.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- compost without herbicides (CK)e0
- Outcome
- plant emergencee0
- Direction
- positive influencee0
- Qualifier
- up to 20%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compost without herbicides (CK) had a positive influence on plant emergence (except green bean), VSI, and growth. The influence increased with each addition up to 20%.”
e1“green bean, tomato, and cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Clean compost improved cucumber emergence, increasingly through 20% amendment.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativuse1 - Treatment
- compost without herbicides (CK)e0
- Outcome
- plant emergencee0
- Direction
- positive influencee0
- Qualifier
- up to 20%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compost without herbicides (CK) had a positive influence on plant emergence (except green bean), VSI, and growth. The influence increased with each addition up to 20%.”
e1“green bean, tomato, and cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Clean compost improved seedling vigor and growth, with greater influence up to 20% amendment.
- Taxon
- green bean, tomato, and cucumbere1
- Treatment
- compost without herbicides (CK)e0
- Outcome
- VSI, and growthe0
- Direction
- positive influencee0
- Qualifier
- up to 20%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“compost without herbicides (CK) had a positive influence on plant emergence (except green bean), VSI, and growth. The influence increased with each addition up to 20%.”
e1“green bean, tomato, and cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide-contaminated compost significantly reduced tomato emergence.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Contaminated compostse0
- Outcome
- emergence ratee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- compost without herbicide (CK)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Contaminated composts significantly reduced the emergence rate of tomato and cucumber, especially cucumber”
e1“compost without herbicide (CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide-contaminated compost significantly reduced cucumber emergence, especially strongly.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- Contaminated compostse0
- Outcome
- emergence ratee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- compost without herbicide (CK)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Contaminated composts significantly reduced the emergence rate of tomato and cucumber, especially cucumber”
e1“compost without herbicide (CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide-contaminated compost significantly reduced tomato seedling vigor, particularly strongly.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Contaminated compostse1
- Outcome
- VSIe0
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the VSI of tomato and cucumber, especially for tomato”
e1“Contaminated composts significantly reduced the emergence rate of tomato and cucumber, especially cucumber; the VSI of tomato and cucumber, especially for tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide-contaminated compost significantly reduced cucumber seedling vigor.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- Contaminated compostse0
- Outcome
- VSIe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Contaminated composts significantly reduced the emergence rate of tomato and cucumber, especially cucumber; the VSI of tomato and cucumber, especially for tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide-contaminated compost reduced some green bean growth indices.
- Taxon
- green beane1
- Treatment
- Contaminated compostse0
- Outcome
- some of the grown indexese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Contaminated composts significantly reduced the emergence rate of tomato and cucumber, especially cucumber; the VSI of tomato and cucumber, especially for tomato; and some of the grown indexes of the three crops.”
e1“green bean, tomato, and cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide-contaminated compost reduced some tomato growth indices.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- Contaminated compostse0
- Outcome
- some of the grown indexese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Contaminated composts significantly reduced the emergence rate of tomato and cucumber, especially cucumber; the VSI of tomato and cucumber, especially for tomato; and some of the grown indexes of the three crops.”
e1“green bean, tomato, and cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide-contaminated compost reduced some cucumber growth indices.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- Contaminated compostse0
- Outcome
- some of the grown indexese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Contaminated composts significantly reduced the emergence rate of tomato and cucumber, especially cucumber; the VSI of tomato and cucumber, especially for tomato; and some of the grown indexes of the three crops.”
e1“green bean, tomato, and cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide inhibition was stronger in tomato than green bean.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- inhibitione0
- Direction
- more obviouse0
- Comparator
- green beane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The inhibition was more obvious for tomato and cucumber than for green bean.”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide inhibition was stronger in cucumber than green bean.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Outcome
- inhibitione0
- Direction
- more obviouse0
- Comparator
- green beane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The inhibition was more obvious for tomato and cucumber than for green bean.”
Claim · model-written summary
The CM-20 mixture inhibited growth indices more than other treatments despite lower individual herbicide doses.
Verbatim
e0“The inhibition of growth index was greater in CM-20 than the other treatments, even though lower concentrations of each herbicide were used.”
e1“green bean, tomato, and cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin compost was the most inhibitory of the three single-herbicide composts.
Verbatim
e0“Compost containing Trifluralin had the most inhibitory effect among the three single herbicides.”
e1“green bean, tomato, and cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
The inhibitory effect of contaminated compost varied among treatments.
Verbatim
e0“the inhibitory effects varied in the different treatments.”
e1“green bean, tomato, and cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommended close monitoring of agricultural-waste compost used in vegetable fields.
Verbatim
e0“the utilization of compost made from agricultural wastes, especially in vegetable fields, should be closely monitored.”
e1“green bean, tomato, and cucumber”
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