Abstract
Summary The impacts of rising atmospheric CO 2 concentrations on plant disease have received increasing attention, but with little consensus emerging on the direct mechanisms by which CO 2 shapes plant immunity. Furthermore, the impact of sub‐ambient CO 2 concentrations, which plants have experienced repeatedly over the past 800 000 yr, has been largely overlooked. A combination of gene expression analysis, phenotypic characterisation of mutants and mass spectrometry‐based metabolic profiling was used to determine development‐independent effects of sub‐ambient CO 2 ( sa CO 2 ) and elevated CO 2 ( e CO 2 ) on Arabidopsis immunity. Resistance to the necrotrophic Plectosphaerella cucumerina ( Pc ) was repressed at sa CO 2 and enhanced at e CO 2 . This CO 2 ‐dependent resistance was associated with priming of jasmonic acid ( JA )‐dependent gene expression and required intact JA biosynthesis and signalling. Resistance to the biotrophic oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis ( Hpa ) increased at both e CO 2 and sa CO 2 . Although e CO 2 primed salicylic acid ( SA )‐dependent gene expression, mutations affecting SA signalling only partially suppressed Hpa resistance at e CO 2 , suggesting additional mechanisms are involved. Induced production of intracellular reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) at sa CO 2 corresponded to a loss of resistance in glycolate oxidase mutants and increased transcription of the peroxisomal catalase gene CAT 2 , unveiling a mechanism by which photorespiration‐derived ROS determined Hpa resistance at sa CO 2 . By separating indirect developmental impacts from direct immunological effects, we uncover distinct mechanisms by which CO 2 shapes plant immunity and discuss their evolutionary significance.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Sub-ambient CO2 repressed resistance to Plectosphaerella cucumerina.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise7 - Treatment
- sa CO 2e0
- Interactor
- Plectosphaerella cucumerinaPlectosphaerella cucumerinae0pathogen
- Outcome
- Resistance to the necrotrophic Plectosphaerella cucumerinae0
- Direction
- repressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“on Arabidopsis immunity”
e0“Resistance to the necrotrophic Plectosphaerella cucumerina ( Pc ) was repressed at sa CO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 enhanced resistance to Plectosphaerella cucumerina.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise7
- Treatment
- e CO 2e0
- Interactor
- Plectosphaerella cucumerinaPlectosphaerella cucumerinae1pathogen
- Outcome
- Resistance to the necrotrophic Plectosphaerella cucumerinae1
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“on Arabidopsis immunity”
e0“enhanced at e CO 2”
e1“Resistance to the necrotrophic Plectosphaerella cucumerina”
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 dependent resistance was linked to priming of JA dependent expression.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise7
- Compound
- jasmonic acide0
- Outcome
- priming of jasmonic acid ( JA )‐dependent gene expressione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“on Arabidopsis immunity”
e0“This CO 2 ‐dependent resistance was associated with priming of jasmonic acid ( JA )‐dependent gene expression”
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 dependent resistance required intact JA biosynthesis and signaling.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise7
- Outcome
- CO 2 ‐dependent resistancee1
- Qualifier
- intact JA biosynthesis and signallinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“on Arabidopsis immunity”
e0“required intact JA biosynthesis and signalling”
e1“This CO 2 ‐dependent resistance was associated with priming of jasmonic acid ( JA )‐dependent gene expression”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased resistance to Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise7
- Treatment
- e CO 2e0
- Interactor
- Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis
Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidise0pathogen - Outcome
- Resistance to the biotrophic oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidise0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“on Arabidopsis immunity”
e0“Resistance to the biotrophic oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis ( Hpa ) increased at both e CO 2 and sa CO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
Sub-ambient CO2 increased resistance to Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise7
- Treatment
- sa CO 2e0
- Interactor
- Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidisHyaloperonospora arabidopsidise0pathogen
- Outcome
- Resistance to the biotrophic oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidise0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“on Arabidopsis immunity”
e0“Resistance to the biotrophic oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis ( Hpa ) increased at both e CO 2 and sa CO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 primed SA dependent gene expression.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise7
- Treatment
- e CO 2e0
- Outcome
- salicylic acid ( SA )‐dependent gene expressione0
- Direction
- primede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“on Arabidopsis immunity”
e0“e CO 2 primed salicylic acid ( SA )‐dependent gene expression”
Claim · model-written summary
SA signaling mutations only partially suppressed Hpa resistance at elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise7
- Treatment
- mutations affecting SA signallinge0
- Interactor
- Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidisHyaloperonospora arabidopsidise1pathogen
- Outcome
- Hpa resistancee0
- Direction
- partially suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“on Arabidopsis immunity”
e0“mutations affecting SA signalling only partially suppressed Hpa resistance at e CO 2”
e1“Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis ( Hpa )”
Claim · model-written summary
Sub-ambient CO2 induced intracellular ROS production.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise7
- Treatment
- sa CO 2e0
- Outcome
- production of intracellular reactive oxygen speciese0
- Direction
- Inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“on Arabidopsis immunity”
e0“Induced production of intracellular reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) at sa CO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycolate oxidase mutants lost Hpa resistance under sub-ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise7
- Material
- glycolate oxidase mutantse0
- Interactor
- Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidisHyaloperonospora arabidopsidise1pathogen
- Outcome
- loss of resistancee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“on Arabidopsis immunity”
e0“a loss of resistance in glycolate oxidase mutants”
e1“Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis ( Hpa )”
Claim · model-written summary
Sub-ambient CO2 increased transcription of CAT 2.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise7
- Treatment
- sa CO 2e1
- Gene
- CAT 2e0
- Outcome
- transcriptione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“on Arabidopsis immunity”
e0“increased transcription of the peroxisomal catalase gene CAT 2”
e1“at sa CO 2 corresponded”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer photorespiration derived ROS determines Hpa resistance at sub-ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise7
- Interactor
- Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidisHyaloperonospora arabidopsidise1pathogen
- Compound
- ROSe0
- Outcome
- Hpa resistancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“on Arabidopsis immunity”
e0“photorespiration‐derived ROS determined Hpa resistance at sa CO 2”
e1“Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis ( Hpa )”
The same questions in other papers
salicylic acid · Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis · ArabidopsisResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
loss of function · Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis · ArabidopsisPositive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
co2 · molecular: expression · ArabidopsisPositive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.