Abstract
Six field trials were conducted at Ridgetown, ON, over a 2-yr period (2015 and 2016) to determine the tolerance of two corn hybrids to 2,4-D (560 and 1120 g a.i. ha −1 ) and glyphosate (1800 g a.e. ha −1 ) applied alone or in combination at stage V1, V3, or V5. In DeKalb DKC52-61 corn, 2,4-D caused as much as 24%, 16%, 11%, and 11% visible injury at 1 wk after each postemergence herbicide application (WAT), 2 WAT, 4 wk after the last postemergence herbicide application (WA-C), and 8 WA-C, respectively. Plant stand was not affected, but plant height decreased by 5 cm at 560 g a.i. ha −1 and 7% at 1120 g a.i. ha −1 . As the application timing was delayed from stage V1 to V5, there was a trend to increased injury at both 2,4-D rates. Corn yield decreased 8% with 2,4-D applied at 560 g a.i. ha −1 and 12% at 1120 g a.i. ha −1 . In Pioneer P0094AM corn, 2,4-D caused as much as 16%, 9%, 7%, and 7% visible injury at 1 WAT, 2 WAT, 4 WA-C, and 8 WA-C, respectively. Plant height was not affected, but goosenecking and brace root malformation were increased as the rate of 2,4-D was increased. There was generally no difference between glyphosate rates (1800 vs 0 g a.e. ha −1 ) at the V1 corn stage but visible injury, goosenecking, and brace root malformation at other application timings was as much as 15%, 3%, and 19% greater when 2,4-D was applied in a tank mixture with glyphosate, respectively. Yield was reduced by 12% when 2,4-D (1120 g a.i. ha −1 ) was applied with glyphosate in the tank mixture.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
In DeKalb DKC52-61 corn, 2,4-D caused as much as 24%, 16%, 11% and 11% visible injury at 1 WAT, 2 WAT, 4 WA-C and 8 WA-C.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Material
- DeKalb DKC52-61e0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- visible injurye0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 24%, 16%, 11%, and 11%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In DeKalb DKC52-61 corn, 2,4-D caused as much as 24%, 16%, 11%, and 11% visible injury at 1 wk after each postemergence herbicide application (WAT), 2 WAT, 4 wk after the last postemergence herbicide application (WA-C), and 8 WA-C, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In DKC52-61 corn, plant stand was not affected by 2,4-D.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- DeKalb DKC52-61e0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- Plant stande1
- Direction
- not affectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In DeKalb DKC52-61 corn, 2,4-D caused”
e1“Plant stand was not affected”
Claim · model-written summary
In DKC52-61 corn, plant height decreased by 5 cm with 2,4-D at 560 g a.i./ha.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- DeKalb DKC52-61e0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- plant heighte1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 5 cme1
- Qualifier
- 560 g a.i. ha −1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In DeKalb DKC52-61 corn, 2,4-D caused”
e1“plant height decreased by 5 cm at 560 g a.i. ha −1 and 7% at 1120 g a.i. ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
In DKC52-61 corn, plant height decreased by 7% with 2,4-D at 1120 g a.i./ha.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- DeKalb DKC52-61e0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- plant heighte1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 7%e1
- Qualifier
- 1120 g a.i. ha −1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In DeKalb DKC52-61 corn, 2,4-D caused”
e1“plant height decreased by 5 cm at 560 g a.i. ha −1 and 7% at 1120 g a.i. ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Delaying application from V1 to V5 tended to increase 2,4-D injury at both rates.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- application timing was delayed from stage V1 to V5e0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- both 2,4-D ratese0
- Comparator
- stage V1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“glyphosate-resistant corn”
e0“As the application timing was delayed from stage V1 to V5, there was a trend to increased injury at both 2,4-D rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn yield decreased 8% with 2,4-D at 560 g a.i./ha.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 8%e0
- Qualifier
- 560 g a.i. ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn yield decreased 8% with 2,4-D applied at 560 g a.i. ha −1 and 12% at 1120 g a.i. ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn yield decreased 12% with 2,4-D at 1120 g a.i./ha.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 12%e0
- Qualifier
- 1120 g a.i. ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn yield decreased 8% with 2,4-D applied at 560 g a.i. ha −1 and 12% at 1120 g a.i. ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
In Pioneer P0094AM corn, 2,4-D caused as much as 16%, 9%, 7% and 7% visible injury at 1 WAT, 2 WAT, 4 WA-C and 8 WA-C.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- Pioneer P0094AMe0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- visible injurye0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 16%, 9%, 7%, and 7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Pioneer P0094AM corn, 2,4-D caused as much as 16%, 9%, 7%, and 7% visible injury at 1 WAT, 2 WAT, 4 WA-C, and 8 WA-C, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In Pioneer P0094AM corn, plant height was not affected.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- Pioneer P0094AMe0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- Plant heighte1
- Direction
- not affectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Pioneer P0094AM corn, 2,4-D caused”
e1“Plant height was not affected”
Claim · model-written summary
In Pioneer P0094AM corn, goosenecking and brace root malformation increased as the 2,4-D rate increased.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- Pioneer P0094AMe0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De1
- Outcome
- goosenecking and brace root malformatione1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Pioneer P0094AM corn, 2,4-D caused”
e1“goosenecking and brace root malformation were increased as the rate of 2,4-D was increased”
Claim · model-written summary
There was generally no difference between glyphosate rates of 1800 and 0 g a.e./ha at the V1 corn stage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- difference between glyphosate ratese0
- Direction
- no differencee0
- Comparator
- 0 g a.e. ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was generally no difference between glyphosate rates (1800 vs 0 g a.e. ha −1 ) at the V1 corn stage”
Claim · model-written summary
At later application timings, visible injury was up to 15% greater when 2,4-D was tank-mixed with glyphosate.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D was applied in a tank mixture with glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- visible injurye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 15%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“glyphosate-resistant corn”
e0“visible injury, goosenecking, and brace root malformation at other application timings was as much as 15%, 3%, and 19% greater when 2,4-D was applied in a tank mixture with glyphosate, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
At later application timings, goosenecking was up to 3% greater when 2,4-D was tank-mixed with glyphosate.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D was applied in a tank mixture with glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- gooseneckinge0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“glyphosate-resistant corn”
e0“visible injury, goosenecking, and brace root malformation at other application timings was as much as 15%, 3%, and 19% greater when 2,4-D was applied in a tank mixture with glyphosate, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
At later application timings, brace root malformation was up to 19% greater when 2,4-D was tank-mixed with glyphosate.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D was applied in a tank mixture with glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- brace root malformatione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 19%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“glyphosate-resistant corn”
e0“visible injury, goosenecking, and brace root malformation at other application timings was as much as 15%, 3%, and 19% greater when 2,4-D was applied in a tank mixture with glyphosate, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield was reduced by 12% when 2,4-D at 1120 g a.i./ha was applied with glyphosate in the tank mixture.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D (1120 g a.i. ha −1 ) was applied with glyphosate in the tank mixturee0
- Outcome
- Yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 12%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“glyphosate-resistant corn”
e0“Yield was reduced by 12% when 2,4-D (1120 g a.i. ha −1 ) was applied with glyphosate in the tank mixture”
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