Abstract
SUMMARY Dilutions of various fungicides were compared on potted MM 109 clonal rootstocks in the glasshouse for protective (pre‐infection) and curative (post‐infection) activity against apple scab. The materials, as commercial preparations, included captan, copper (as ‘dry’ Bordeaux mixture), dichlofluanid, didecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB), dispersible sulphur, dithianon, dodine acetate, lime‐sulphur (LS), phenylmercury chloride (PMC), and thiram; they were assessed on the basis of percentage active ingredient in the dilutions. When acting at normal rates of use, many of the fungicides were much more effective protectively than curatively, but this contrast was less applicable to DDAB, dodine acetate, LS, and dichlofluanid. PMC, however, was an especially notable exception in proving curatively superior at unusually low rates. In addition, it was particularly active in vapour form, and was effectively translocated not only from one leaf surface to the other, but, especially at 0.005%, from sprayed to younger unsprayed leaves on the same shoots. Other standard fungicides showed little or no translocated activity, but isobutyl‐o‐coumarate was effective at the growing shoot‐tips in spring from a spray applied to the lower leaves. PMC reduced infection when applied once at any time during the scab‐incubation period, and especially 24 hr. after infection, when the control was almost complete. Longer intervals before spraying reduced the curative action, but not in proportion to the intervals; the infection pattern showed multi‐peak fungicidal activity and, after the later sprays, many lesions were practically infertile. The curative properties of PMC were matched by several other formulated phenylmercury salts compared at equivalent percentage mercury content, but the dimethyldithiocarbamate proved rather less effective. A preliminary attempt to supplement the curative properties of PMC with the protective properties of LS, by mixing these fungicides at low rates, showed evidence of fungicidal antagonism, and this needs further investigation. Several fungicides, notably the inorganic sulphurs, thiram, the phenylmercury compounds, dichlofluanid, and DDAB showed incidental activity against natural infection by powdery mildew.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Many fungicides were more effective protectively than curatively at normal rates.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- fungicidese0
- Outcome
- effective protectivelye0
- Direction
- much more effectivee0
- Comparator
- curativelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When acting at normal rates of use, many of the fungicides were much more effective protectively than curatively”
t0“apple scab”
Claim · model-written summary
DDAB, dodine acetate, LS and dichlofluanid showed a weaker protective advantage.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- DDAB, dodine acetate, LS, and dichlofluanide0
- Outcome
- contraste0
- Direction
- less applicablee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this contrast was less applicable to DDAB, dodine acetate, LS, and dichlofluanid”
t0“apple scab”
Claim · model-written summary
PMC was curatively superior at unusually low rates.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- PMCe0
- Outcome
- curatively superiore0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Qualifier
- unusually low ratese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PMC, however, was an especially notable exception in proving curatively superior at unusually low rates”
t0“apple scab”
Claim · model-written summary
PMC was active as vapour and translocated between leaf surfaces and to younger unsprayed leaves.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- active in vapour forme0
- Value
- 0.005%e0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it was particularly active in vapour form, and was effectively translocated not only from one leaf surface to the other, but, especially at 0.005%, from sprayed to younger unsprayed leaves on the same shoots”
t0“apple scab”
Claim · model-written summary
Other standard fungicides showed little or no translocated activity.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Other standard fungicidese0
- Outcome
- translocated activitye0
- Direction
- little or noe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Other standard fungicides showed little or no translocated activity”
t0“apple scab”
Claim · model-written summary
Isobutyl-o-coumarate applied to lower leaves acted at growing shoot tips.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- isobutyl‐o‐coumaratee0
- Outcome
- effective at the growing shoot‐tipse0
- Direction
- effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“isobutyl‐o‐coumarate was effective at the growing shoot‐tips in spring from a spray applied to the lower leaves”
t0“apple scab”
Claim · model-written summary
PMC reduced apple scab infection when applied during incubation, especially 24 hours after infection.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- PMCe0
- Outcome
- infectione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- especially 24 hr. after infectione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PMC reduced infection when applied once at any time during the scab‐incubation period, and especially 24 hr. after infection, when the control was almost complete”
t0“apple scab”
Claim · model-written summary
Longer delays before spraying reduced curative action.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Longer intervals before sprayinge0
- Outcome
- curative actione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Longer intervals before spraying reduced the curative action, but not in proportion to the intervals”
t0“apple scab”
Claim · model-written summary
Later PMC sprays left many lesions practically infertile.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- later sprayse0
- Outcome
- lesionse0
- Direction
- practically infertilee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“after the later sprays, many lesions were practically infertile”
t0“apple scab”
Claim · model-written summary
Other formulated phenylmercury salts matched the curative properties of PMC.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- formulated phenylmercury saltse0
- Outcome
- curative propertiese0
- Direction
- matchede0
- Comparator
- PMCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The curative properties of PMC were matched by several other formulated phenylmercury salts compared at equivalent percentage mercury content”
t0“apple scab”
Claim · model-written summary
Dimethyldithiocarbamate was less effective than PMC.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- dimethyldithiocarbamatee0
- Outcome
- effectivee0
- Direction
- less effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the dimethyldithiocarbamate proved rather less effective”
t0“apple scab”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixing PMC with LS showed fungicidal antagonism.
Not reportedTaxonComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“mixing these fungicides at low rates, showed evidence of fungicidal antagonism”
e1“curative properties of PMC with the protective properties of LS”
Claim · model-written summary
Several fungicides showed activity against natural powdery mildew infection.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- inorganic sulphurs, thiram, the phenylmercury compounds, dichlofluanid, and DDABe0
- Outcome
- natural infection by powdery mildewe0
- Direction
- showed incidental activitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Several fungicides, notably the inorganic sulphurs, thiram, the phenylmercury compounds, dichlofluanid, and DDAB showed incidental activity against natural infection by powdery mildew”
t0“apple scab”
The same questions in other papers
thiram · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
chloride · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →application · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
79 papers in the same direction as this paper · 26 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
103 papers more in this group
See all 107 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.