Abstract
Plants use shade avoidance strategy to escape the canopy shade when grown under natural conditions. Previous studies showed that the Arabidopsis receptor-like kinase ERECTA (ER) is involved in shade avoidance syndrome. However, the mechanisms of ER in modulating SAR by promoting hypocotyl elongation are unknown yet. Here we report that ER regulated hypocotyl elongation in shade avoidance requires auxin and gibberellins (GAs). The T-DNA insertional ER mutant er-3 shows a less hypocotyl length than that in Col-0 wild type. Promoter::GUS staining analysis shows that ER and its paralogous genes ERECTA-LIKE1 (ERL1) and ERECTA-LIKE2 (ERL2) are differentially expressed in the seedlings, of which only ER is most obviously upregulated in the hypocotyl by shade treatment. Exogenous feeding assay by using media-application with vertical-grown of Arabidopsis seedlings showed that the hypocotyl length of er-3 is partially promoted by indol-3-acetic acid (IAA), while it is relatively insensitive of er-3 to various concentrations of IAA than that of Col-0. Hypocotyl elongation of er-3 is promoted similar to that of Col-0 by high temperature in the white light condition, but the elongation was not significantly affected by the treatment of the auxin transport inhibitor 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). Exogenous GA3 increased the hypocotyl elongation of both er-3 and the wild type in the shade condition, and the GA3 biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC) severely inhibits the hypocotyl elongation of Col-0 and er-3. Further analysis showed that auxin biosynthesis inhibitors yucasin and L-Kynurenine remarkably inhibited the hypocotyl elongation of er-3 while yucasin shows a more severe inhibition to er-3 than Col-0. Relative expression of genes regulating auxin homeostasis and signaling, and GA homeostasis is less in er-3 than that in Col-0. Furthermore, genetic evidences show that ER regulated hypocotyl elongation is dependent of PHYTOCHROME B (PHYB). Overall, we propose that ER regulated shade avoidance by promoting hypocotyl elongation is PHYB-dependent and requires auxin and GAs.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
The er-3 mutant had shorter hypocotyls than Col-0.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsist0 - Material
- er-3e0
- Gene
- ERe0
- Outcome
- hypocotyl lengthe0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- Col-0 wild typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The T-DNA insertional ER mutant er-3 shows a less hypocotyl length than that in Col-0 wild type”
t0“in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Shade most clearly upregulated ER in the hypocotyl.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Organ / stage
- hypocotyle0
- Treatment
- shade treatmente0
- Gene
- ERe0
- Outcome
- ERe0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only ER is most obviously upregulated in the hypocotyl by shade treatment”
t0“in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
ER, ERL1 and ERL2 showed differential seedling expression.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Gene
- ER and its paralogous genes ERECTA-LIKE1 (ERL1) and ERECTA-LIKE2 (ERL2)e0
- Outcome
- differentially expressede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ER and its paralogous genes ERECTA-LIKE1 (ERL1) and ERECTA-LIKE2 (ERL2) are differentially expressed in the seedlings”
t0“in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA partly promoted er-3 hypocotyl length.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- er-3e0
- Treatment
- indol-3-acetic acid (IAA)e0
- Outcome
- hypocotyl lengthe0
- Direction
- partially promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the hypocotyl length of er-3 is partially promoted by indol-3-acetic acid (IAA)”
t0“in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
er-3 was relatively insensitive to IAA compared with Col-0.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- er-3e0
- Treatment
- IAAe0
- Outcome
- relatively insensitivee0
- Direction
- relatively insensitivee0
- Comparator
- Col-0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is relatively insensitive of er-3 to various concentrations of IAA than that of Col-0”
t0“in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature promoted er-3 hypocotyl elongation similarly to Col-0 in white light.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- er-3e0
- Treatment
- high temperaturee0
- Outcome
- Hypocotyl elongatione0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- white light conditione0
- Comparator
- Col-0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hypocotyl elongation of er-3 is promoted similar to that of Col-0 by high temperature in the white light condition”
t0“in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
NPA did not significantly affect hypocotyl elongation.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA)e0
- Outcome
- elongatione0
- Direction
- not significantly affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the elongation was not significantly affected by the treatment of the auxin transport inhibitor 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA)”
t0“in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 increased hypocotyl elongation in er-3 and wild type under shade.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- er-3 and the wild typee0
- Treatment
- GA3e0
- Outcome
- hypocotyl elongatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- shade conditione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous GA3 increased the hypocotyl elongation of both er-3 and the wild type in the shade condition”
t0“in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Paclobutrazol severely inhibited hypocotyl elongation in Col-0 and er-3.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- Col-0 and er-3e0
- Treatment
- paclobutrazol (PAC)e0
- Outcome
- hypocotyl elongatione0
- Direction
- severely inhibitse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the GA3 biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC) severely inhibits the hypocotyl elongation of Col-0 and er-3”
t0“in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Yucasin markedly inhibited er-3 hypocotyl elongation.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- er-3e0
- Treatment
- yucasine0
- Outcome
- hypocotyl elongatione0
- Direction
- remarkably inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“auxin biosynthesis inhibitors yucasin and L-Kynurenine remarkably inhibited the hypocotyl elongation of er-3”
t0“in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
L-Kynurenine markedly inhibited er-3 hypocotyl elongation.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- er-3e0
- Treatment
- L-Kynureninee0
- Outcome
- hypocotyl elongatione0
- Direction
- remarkably inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“auxin biosynthesis inhibitors yucasin and L-Kynurenine remarkably inhibited the hypocotyl elongation of er-3”
t0“in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Yucasin inhibition was more severe in er-3 than Col-0.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- er-3e0
- Treatment
- yucasine0
- Outcome
- inhibitione0
- Direction
- more severee0
- Comparator
- Col-0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yucasin shows a more severe inhibition to er-3 than Col-0”
t0“in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin and GA regulatory gene expression was lower in er-3 than Col-0.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- er-3e0
- Outcome
- Relative expression of genes regulating auxin homeostasis and signaling, and GA homeostasise0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- Col-0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relative expression of genes regulating auxin homeostasis and signaling, and GA homeostasis is less in er-3 than that in Col-0”
t0“in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
ER regulated hypocotyl elongation depends on PHYB.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- PHYTOCHROME B (PHYB)e0
- Outcome
- ER regulated hypocotyl elongatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ER regulated hypocotyl elongation is dependent of PHYTOCHROME B (PHYB)”
t0“in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors propose that ER regulated shade avoidance requires auxin and gibberellins.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- ERe0
- Outcome
- shade avoidancee0
- Qualifier
- requires auxin and GAse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ER regulated shade avoidance by promoting hypocotyl elongation is PHYB-dependent and requires auxin and GAs”
t0“in Arabidopsis”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.