Abstract
A comparison of the relationship of fermentation to chemical composition was made for forages which were wilted and ensiled at 35 to 45 percent dry matter. Trial I consisted of three forages ensiled in October, 1981: interseeded soybeans and grain sorghum. whole plant corn with added anhydrous ammonia, and whole plant corn with shelled corn added at a rate of 150 kg/t of fresh forage. Trial II consisted of two forages ensiled in 1982: interseeded soybeans and pearlmillet, and wheat. Temperatures of fermentation were collected, and chemical composition during the first 25 days of fermentation analyzed. Production data were also collected in Trial I. The cash expenses and yields do not indicate a significant advantage to either crop in this study in terms of yields and return over variables. In terms of plant nutrient content there was an advantage for soybean/grain sorgum silage in protein yield of 854 kilograms per hectare as compared to whole plant corn silage. Temperature data collected on the forages in Trial I covered 57 days from October 8 through December 4. The maximum recorded temperatures for soybean/grain sorghum, corn silage with added anhydrous ammonia and the corn silage control were 37, 37, and 24 degrees Celcius. achieved by day 11, 4, and 11 of ensilement respectively. The rapid temperature increase for material treated with anhydrous ammonia confirmed previous reports. Small fluctuations occurred in silage temperatures but these were not correlated to ambient temperature. Temperatures declined very slowly in all forages, with the lowest reading for silages by day 57 recorded at 19 C for soybean/grain sorghum silage. Ambient temperature was not reached in the ensiled mass during the 57 day period in which data were recorded. The soybean/pearlmillet ensiled in Trial II quickly reached a high peak temperature of 44 C at 4 days of ensilement, gradually decreasing over a 57 day period to 35 degrees on October 19. The silage did not reach a desireable pH. Initial forage pH was high, 7.4, dropped rapidly to 5.1 on day 5, but did not decline further in succeeding samples. Samples were low in lactic acid and high in acetic acid content. Initial buffering capacities for both of the soybean mixture forages were considerably higher than the other forage materials. Buffering capacities at day 0 for whole plant corn, whole plant corn treated with anhydrous ammonia, soybean/grain sorghum, soybean/pearlmillet and wheat forages IA ere 19.4, 20.0, 35.3, 35.3. 38.6 and 22.2 milliequivalents/100 g of dry matter respectively. Increases in buffering capacities during fermentation were smaller for soybean/grain sorgum and soybean/pearlmillet . Buffering capacity increases for the forages were 133.5, 290.5, 69.1, 64.2 and 87.4%. High ammonia nitrogen levels were found in samples of whole plant corn silage with added anhydrous ammonia obtained on days 10 and 20 of ensilement. These contained .282 and .351% ammonia-nitrogen and tested 18.0 and 20.1% crude protein. The increase in buffering capacity which occurrs with addition of anhydrous ammonia was confirmed by the higher acetic acid and pH levels, with corresponding decreases in lactic acid from samples taken days 10 and 25. Crude protein levels were 17.9 and 17.4 percent while the other samples contained only 10-12% crude protein. It appeared that application of anhydrous ammonia was not uniform throughout the silage. Where high concentrations of ammonia occurred fermentation was prolonged as indicated by excessive amounts of lactic and acetic acids and a high pH in these samples. Values for L(+) lactic acid ranged from .2 to .523 in fresh forage to 5.66% of dry matter on day 25. Concentrations of ammonia-nitrogen in the other silages ranged from .061 to .131%. The low buffering capacity of whole plant corn silage was reflected by normal concentrations of lactate and acetate but a more acidic pH when compared to the other forages. Lactic and acetic acid production for soybean/grain sorghum silage was similar to that of the corn silage control. Corn silage pH was lower, however, throughout fermentation and reached a stable pH by day 5 of fermentation. The wheat silage went through a gradual fermentation with low lactic acid production, and an intermediary ending pH of 4.0. Fermentation was essentially complete by day 10 in all silages as indicated by pH, buffering capacity, and lactic acid production: however, there was a tendency for buffering capacity and acetic acid content to increase in all of the ensiled materials throughout the 25 day collection period.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean/grain sorghum silage had a protein yield advantage of 854 kilograms per hectare over whole plant corn silage.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- soybean/grain sorgum silagee0
- Outcome
- protein yielde0
- Direction
- advantagee0
- Value
- 854 kilograms per hectaree0
- Comparator
- whole plant corn silagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In terms of plant nutrient content there was an advantage for soybean/grain sorgum silage in protein yield of 854 kilograms per hectare as compared to whole plant corn silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Cash expenses and yields showed no significant advantage for either crop.
- Taxon
- Corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Outcome
- cash expenses and yieldse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Whole Plant Corn Silage”
e1“The cash expenses and yields do not indicate a significant advantage to either crop in this study in terms of yields and return over variables”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum recorded temperature in soybean/grain sorghum silage was 37 degrees Celcius.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Material
- soybean/grain sorghume0
- Outcome
- maximum recorded temperaturese0
- Value
- 37e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum recorded temperatures for soybean/grain sorghum, corn silage with added anhydrous ammonia and the corn silage control were 37, 37, and 24 degrees Celcius”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum recorded temperature in corn silage with added anhydrous ammonia was 37 degrees Celcius.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- corn silage with added anhydrous ammoniae0
- Outcome
- maximum recorded temperaturese0
- Value
- 37e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum recorded temperatures for soybean/grain sorghum, corn silage with added anhydrous ammonia and the corn silage control were 37, 37, and 24 degrees Celcius”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum recorded temperature in the corn silage control was 24 degrees Celcius.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- corn silage controle0
- Outcome
- maximum recorded temperaturese0
- Value
- 24e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum recorded temperatures for soybean/grain sorghum, corn silage with added anhydrous ammonia and the corn silage control were 37, 37, and 24 degrees Celcius”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean/pearlmillet silage quickly reached a peak temperature of 44 C at 4 days of ensilement.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Material
- soybean/pearlmillete0
- Outcome
- peak temperaturee0
- Value
- 44 Ce0
- Qualifier
- at 4 days of ensilemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soybean/pearlmillet ensiled in Trial II quickly reached a high peak temperature of 44 C at 4 days of ensilement”
Claim · model-written summary
The silage did not reach a desirable pH.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- pHe0
Not reportedMaterial
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Whole Plant Corn Silage”
e0“The silage did not reach a desireable pH”
Claim · model-written summary
Forage pH fell from 7.4 to 5.1 by day 5 and did not decline further.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- pHe0
- Value
- 5.1e0
- Qualifier
- on day 5e0
Not reportedMaterial
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Whole Plant Corn Silage”
e0“Initial forage pH was high, 7.4, dropped rapidly to 5.1 on day 5, but did not decline further in succeeding samples”
Claim · model-written summary
Increases in buffering capacity during fermentation were smaller for soybean/grain sorghum and soybean/pearlmillet silages.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Material
- soybean/grain sorgum and soybean/pearlmillete0
- Outcome
- Increases in buffering capacities during fermentatione0
- Direction
- smallere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increases in buffering capacities during fermentation were smaller for soybean/grain sorgum and soybean/pearlmillet”
Claim · model-written summary
Buffering capacity increased by 133.5, 290.5, 69.1, 64.2 and 87.4% across the forages during fermentation.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- Buffering capacity increases for the foragese0
- Value
- 133.5, 290.5, 69.1, 64.2 and 87.4%e0
Not reportedMaterial
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Whole Plant Corn Silage”
e0“Buffering capacity increases for the forages were 133.5, 290.5, 69.1, 64.2 and 87.4%”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn silage with added anhydrous ammonia had high ammonia-nitrogen levels, .282 and .351%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- whole plant corn silage with added anhydrous ammoniae0
- Outcome
- High ammonia nitrogen levelse0
- Value
- .282 and .351%e1
- Qualifier
- days 10 and 20 of ensilemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High ammonia nitrogen levels were found in samples of whole plant corn silage with added anhydrous ammonia obtained on days 10 and 20 of ensilement”
e1“These contained .282 and .351% ammonia-nitrogen and tested 18.0 and 20.1% crude protein”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn silage with added anhydrous ammonia had 18.0 and 20.1% crude protein.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- whole plant corn silage with added anhydrous ammoniae0
- Outcome
- crude proteine1
- Value
- 18.0 and 20.1%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High ammonia nitrogen levels were found in samples of whole plant corn silage with added anhydrous ammonia obtained on days 10 and 20 of ensilement”
e1“These contained .282 and .351% ammonia-nitrogen and tested 18.0 and 20.1% crude protein”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat silage reached an intermediary ending pH of 4.0 after gradual fermentation with low lactic acid production.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Material
- wheat silagee0
- Outcome
- intermediary ending pHe0
- Value
- 4.0e0
- Qualifier
- gradual fermentation with low lactic acid productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The wheat silage went through a gradual fermentation with low lactic acid production, and an intermediary ending pH of 4.0”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn silage pH was lower throughout fermentation and reached a stable pH by day 5.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- Corn silagee0
- Outcome
- pHe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- throughout fermentatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn silage pH was lower, however, throughout fermentation and reached a stable pH by day 5 of fermentation”
Claim · model-written summary
Fermentation was essentially complete by day 10 in all silages.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- all silagese0
- Outcome
- Fermentation was essentially completee0
- Qualifier
- by day 10e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Whole Plant Corn Silage”
e0“Fermentation was essentially complete by day 10 in all silages”
Claim · model-written summary
Samples were low in lactic acid and high in acetic acid content.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- acetic acid contente0
- Direction
- highe0
- Qualifier
- low in lactic acide0
Not reportedMaterial
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Whole Plant Corn Silage”
e0“Samples were low in lactic acid and high in acetic acid content”
The same questions in other papers
processing · quality: protein · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.