Abstract
In the years 1967—70 twelve irrigation experiments of spring wheat were carried out in southern Finland (60-62° N, 22-26° E). Sprinkler irrigation (2 X 30 mm) increased the grain yields on an average by 1240±470kg/ha (from 2740 to 3980 kg) or 45±17 %. The increases in yield were significant on clay soils (9 trials) and loam (1 trial) but insignificant on fines and (1 trial) and mould (1 trial). Additional nitrogen fertilization (from 76 to 143kg/ha N) increased the grain yields on an average by 350± 200 kg/ha or 11±6 %. The ripening of wheat was significantly promoted by irrigation in one year but slightly retarded in three years. Nitrogen fertilization slightly retarded ripening every year The falling number of grains tended to be slightly improved by irrigation (from 285 to 321, on an average), but in most trials irrigation and nitrogen fertilization had no significant influence on the falling number. Irrigation decreased the crude protein content of grains in all trials, on an average by 2.2 ± 0.7 %-units (from 16.3 to 14.1%). This unfavourable effect was, however, avoided with additional nitrogen which increased the protein content by 1.9±0.4%-units (from 14,3 to 16.2 %). The effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on those characteristics of wheat that are correlated with protein, were similar to the effects on the protein content. Thus, irrigation decreased the zeleny value (from 64 to 53 ml), cold viscosity (from 214 to 114 seconds), water absorption (from 66.5 to 64.9 %) and the valorimeter value (from 68 to 60), while these characteristics were improved by nitrogen fertilization. Irrigation did not decrease the Pelshenke value but increased significantly the ratio of the Pelshenke value/protein content (from 5,1 to 6.1). This indicates that the quality of protein was improved by irrigation, while the effect of nitrogen fertilization was the reverse. In fact, irrigation and additional nitrogen fertilization affected the quantity and quality of protein and the baking quality characteristics of wheat in opposite directions but the quantity of grain yield in the same direction. With these two methods combined it was possible to produce 60 % higher grain yields without any noteworthy changes in the baking quality characteristics of spring wheat.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Sprinkler irrigation increased grain yield by 1240±470kg/ha or 45±17 %.
- Taxon
- spring wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Sprinkler irrigation (2 X 30 mm)e0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1240±470kg/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“Sprinkler irrigation (2 X 30 mm) increased the grain yields on an average by 1240±470kg/ha (from 2740 to 3980 kg) or 45±17 %.”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation yield increases were significant on clay soils and loam.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- increases in yielde0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Setting
- clay soilse0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“The increases in yield were significant on clay soils (9 trials) and loam (1 trial)”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation yield increases were insignificant on fines and and mould.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- increases in yielde1
- Direction
- increasese1
- Setting
- moulde0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“but insignificant on fines and (1 trial) and mould (1 trial).”
e1“The increases in yield were significant on clay soils (9 trials) and loam (1 trial) but insignificant on fines and (1 trial) and mould (1 trial).”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional nitrogen increased grain yield by 350± 200 kg/ha or 11±6 %.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Additional nitrogen fertilization (from 76 to 143kg/ha N)e0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 350± 200 kg/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“Additional nitrogen fertilization (from 76 to 143kg/ha N) increased the grain yields on an average by 350± 200 kg/ha or 11±6 %.”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation significantly promoted wheat ripening in one year.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigatione0
- Outcome
- ripening of wheate0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- in one yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“The ripening of wheat was significantly promoted by irrigation in one year”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation slightly retarded wheat ripening in three years.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigatione1
- Outcome
- ripening of wheate1
- Direction
- retardede0
- Qualifier
- in three yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“but slightly retarded in three years.”
e1“The ripening of wheat was significantly promoted by irrigation in one year but slightly retarded in three years.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization slightly retarded ripening every year.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- ripeninge0
- Direction
- retardede0
- Qualifier
- every yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“Nitrogen fertilization slightly retarded ripening every year”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation tended to improve the falling number from 285 to 321.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigatione0
- Outcome
- falling number of grainse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 285 to 321e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“The falling number of grains tended to be slightly improved by irrigation (from 285 to 321, on an average)”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation and nitrogen fertilization mostly had no significant effect on falling number.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigation and nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- falling numbere0
- Direction
- no significant influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“in most trials irrigation and nitrogen fertilization had no significant influence on the falling number.”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation decreased grain crude protein by 2.2 ± 0.7 %-units.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Irrigatione0
- Outcome
- crude protein content of grainse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 2.2 ± 0.7 %-unitse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“Irrigation decreased the crude protein content of grains in all trials, on an average by 2.2 ± 0.7 %-units (from 16.3 to 14.1%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional nitrogen increased grain protein content by 1.9±0.4%-units.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- additional nitrogene0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.9±0.4%-unitse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“additional nitrogen which increased the protein content by 1.9±0.4%-units (from 14,3 to 16.2 %).”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation decreased Zeleny value from 64 to 53 ml.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigatione0
- Outcome
- zeleny valuee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 64 to 53 mle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“irrigation decreased the zeleny value (from 64 to 53 ml)”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation decreased cold viscosity from 214 to 114 seconds.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigatione1
- Outcome
- cold viscositye0
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 214 to 114 secondse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“cold viscosity (from 214 to 114 seconds)”
e1“irrigation decreased the zeleny value (from 64 to 53 ml), cold viscosity (from 214 to 114 seconds)”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation decreased water absorption from 66.5 to 64.9 %.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigatione1
- Outcome
- water absorptione0
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 66.5 to 64.9 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“water absorption (from 66.5 to 64.9 %)”
e1“irrigation decreased the zeleny value (from 64 to 53 ml), cold viscosity (from 214 to 114 seconds), water absorption (from 66.5 to 64.9 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation decreased valorimeter value from 68 to 60.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigatione1
- Outcome
- valorimeter valuee0
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 68 to 60e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“the valorimeter value (from 68 to 60)”
e1“irrigation decreased the zeleny value (from 64 to 53 ml), cold viscosity (from 214 to 114 seconds), water absorption (from 66.5 to 64.9 %) and the valorimeter value (from 68 to 60)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization improved Zeleny value, cold viscosity, water absorption, and valorimeter value.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- these characteristicse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“while these characteristics were improved by nitrogen fertilization.”
e1“irrigation decreased the zeleny value (from 64 to 53 ml), cold viscosity (from 214 to 114 seconds), water absorption (from 66.5 to 64.9 %) and the valorimeter value (from 68 to 60), while these characteristics were improved by nitrogen fertilization.”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation did not decrease the Pelshenke value.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Irrigatione0
- Outcome
- Pelshenke valuee0
- Direction
- did not decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“Irrigation did not decrease the Pelshenke value”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation increased the Pelshenke value to protein content ratio from 5,1 to 6.1.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Irrigatione1
- Outcome
- ratio of the Pelshenke value/protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5,1 to 6.1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“increased significantly the ratio of the Pelshenke value/protein content (from 5,1 to 6.1).”
e1“Irrigation did not decrease the Pelshenke value but increased significantly the ratio of the Pelshenke value/protein content (from 5,1 to 6.1).”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation improved protein quality while nitrogen fertilization had the reverse effect.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigatione0
- Outcome
- quality of proteine0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- nitrogen fertilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“the quality of protein was improved by irrigation, while the effect of nitrogen fertilization was the reverse.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining irrigation and nitrogen produced 60 % higher yields without noteworthy baking quality changes.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- these two methods combinede0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 60 %e0
- Qualifier
- without any noteworthy changes in the baking quality characteristicse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“With these two methods combined it was possible to produce 60 % higher grain yields without any noteworthy changes in the baking quality characteristics of spring wheat.”
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