Abstract
Raindrop‐induced crusting of mineral soils supporting wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) in the semiarid US Pacific Northwest reduces seedling establishment of late summer‐seeded winter crops during dry, hot conditions. Canola ( Brassica napus L.) integration is diversifying regional food, feed and fuel global markets. Subsequent shifts in recycled crop residue characteristics, including Si and crop fiber, may shift soil characteristics of traditional wheat‐dominated systems, potentially affecting their propensity to form soil crusts. In a greenhouse study, wheat and canola were fertilized with varying N rates. Increased N supply increased transpiration, shoot weight, and hemicellulose and cellulose yields, but with only minor increases in shoot Si and lignin yields. Both crops had similar increases in root Si with greater N‐stimulated transpiration. Two subsequent soil incubations were conducted to determine how Si, N fertilization, and crop residues from wheat and canola affected soil properties. In the first incubation, Si was applied as aqueous H 4 SiO 4 , which increased soil amorphous and water‐soluble Si (Si am and Si ws ), physical resistance, and crust thickness. Electron micrographs showed increased amorphous material, presumably a Si precipitate, on soil particles with increased Si application. Second, two Ritzville soils were treated with the canola or wheat shoot residues with and without N fertilizer. Nitrogen lowered soil pH, Si am , Si ws , surface resistance, and crust thickness; however, first‐time application of crop residue types had no short‐term effect on these parameters. Any impacts of lower Si returned by lower Si crop residues on soil physical properties likely require several rotational cycles of Si crop uptake and residue returns. Core Ideas Wheat and canola Si increases with N fertilizer, differently correlated to crop transpiration. Si residue contents are ranked: wheat shoot residue > canola shoot > wheat root = canola root. Canola residue returns less Si but more lignin to soil surface than wheat. Long‐term wheat Si recycling may increase soil physical impedance of seedling emergence. N fertilization lowers soil pH, soluble and amorphous Si, surface resistance, and crust thickness.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
More nitrogen increased transpiration, shoot weight, hemicellulose and cellulose yields.
- Taxon
- wheat and canola
Triticum aestivum.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napus var. napust0 - Treatment
- Increased N supplye0
- Outcome
- transpiration, shoot weight, and hemicellulose and cellulose yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Increased N supply increased transpiration, shoot weight, and hemicellulose and cellulose yields”
t0“Wheat and Canola”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased nitrogen caused only minor increases in shoot Si and lignin yields.
- Taxon
- Wheat and CanolaTriticum aestivumBrassica napus var. napust0
- Treatment
- Increased N supplye1
- Outcome
- shoot Si and lignin yieldse0
- Direction
- minor increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with only minor increases in shoot Si and lignin yields”
t0“Wheat and Canola”
e1“Increased N supply increased transpiration”
Claim · model-written summary
Both crops similarly increased root Si with nitrogen-stimulated transpiration.
- Taxon
- Wheat and CanolaTriticum aestivumBrassica napus var. napust0
- Treatment
- N‐stimulated transpiratione0
- Outcome
- root Sie0
- Direction
- increasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both crops had similar increases in root Si with greater N‐stimulated transpiration”
t0“Wheat and Canola”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat shoot residue contained more Si than canola shoot residue, while roots ranked equally.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- Si residue contentse0
- Comparator
- canola shoote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si residue contents are ranked: wheat shoot residue > canola shoot > wheat root = canola root”
Claim · model-written summary
Canola returned less Si but more lignin than wheat to soil surface.
- Taxon
- CanolaBrassica napus var. napuse0
- Outcome
- less Si but more lignin to soil surfacee0
- Comparator
- wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Canola residue returns less Si but more lignin to soil surface than wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied Si increased soil amorphous and soluble Si, resistance, and crust thickness.
- Taxon
- wheat and canolaTriticum aestivumBrassica napus var. napust0
- Treatment
- aqueous H 4 SiO 4e0
- Outcome
- soil amorphous and water‐soluble Si (Si am and Si ws ), physical resistance, and crust thicknesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si was applied as aqueous H 4 SiO 4 , which increased soil amorphous and water‐soluble Si (Si am and Si ws ), physical resistance, and crust thickness”
t0“Wheat and Canola”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher Si application increased amorphous material on soil particles.
- Taxon
- Wheat and CanolaTriticum aestivumBrassica napus var. napust0
- Treatment
- increased Si applicatione0
- Outcome
- amorphous material, presumably a Si precipitate, on soil particlese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Electron micrographs showed increased amorphous material, presumably a Si precipitate, on soil particles with increased Si application”
t0“Wheat and Canola”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen lowered soil pH, Si forms, surface resistance and crust thickness.
- Taxon
- Wheat and CanolaTriticum aestivumBrassica napus var. napust0
- Treatment
- Nitrogene0
- Outcome
- soil pH, Si am , Si ws , surface resistance, and crust thicknesse0
- Direction
- lowerede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen lowered soil pH, Si am , Si ws , surface resistance, and crust thickness”
t0“Wheat and Canola”
Claim · model-written summary
First-time crop residue application had no short-term effect on those soil parameters.
- Taxon
- Wheat and CanolaTriticum aestivumBrassica napus var. napust0
- Treatment
- first‐time application of crop residue typese0
- Outcome
- these parameterse0
- Direction
- no short‐term effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“first‐time application of crop residue types had no short‐term effect on these parameters”
t0“Wheat and Canola”
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