Abstract
Brassica napus also known as Rapeseed is a member of the Brassicaceae family which is mainly cultivated for its oil-rich seeds. Indeed, B. napus is ranked the third-largest source of vegetable oil in the world. Brassica napus growth, development and yield are negatively affected by heavy metals. Vanadium is a heavy metal and presence in high concentrations impact plant growth and development negatively. However, the impact of Vanadium on B. napus growth and development is unknown. Therefore, in this study we assessed the effects of Vanadium stress on leaf physiology and biochemistry response of two B. napus cultivars (namely Agamax and AV Garnet). A randomised pot-experiment under controlled conditions was used to grow B. napus cultivars under control (distilled water) and Vanadium (350 μM NaVO3) treatments. Results showed that Vanadium caused yellowing of AV Garnet leaves but not Agamax leaves. Furthermore, Vanadium stress caused a more severe decrease in leaf dry and fresh weight of AV Garnet as compared to the decrease in leaf dry and fresh weight of Agamax. We also observed that Vanadium stress only decreased leaf chlorophyll content (a, b and total) of AV Garnet but had no effect on chlorophyll content of Agamax. In addition, Vanadium stress induced an increase in toxic superoxide (O2-) content in leaves of both AV Garnet and Agamax however; we observed more O2- content in AV Garnet leaves than Agamax leaves. Furthermore, we observed a more drastic increase in leaf lipid peroxidation and leaf cell death (assessed by Evans blue uptake) of AV Garnet when compared to Agamax. In order to investigate whether Vanadium regulates O2- metabolising enzymes we assessed superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (total SOD enzymatic activity and SOD isoform activity). Vanadium inhibited the total leaf SOD activity of AV Garnet more than the total leaf SOD activity of Agamax. The SOD isoform analyses displayed that Vanadium treatment did not alter the leaf MnSOD as well as leaf Cu/ZnSOD isoforms of both Agamax and AV Garnet. However, we observed that FeSOD 1 and FeSOD 3 activity was upregulated in Agamax leaves in response to Vanadium treatment but decreased in AV Garnet following Vanadium treatment. Furthermore, we observed that the leaf FeSOD 2 activity was inhibited in both Agamax and AV Garnet. In addition, we also analysed the Vanadium contents in the two cultivars following Vanadium treatment and observed more Vanadium content in Agamax roots than in AV Garnet roots. Furthermore, translocation factor (TF) analysis showed that AV Garnet had a higher Vanadium TF from roots to leaves than Agamax following Vanadium treatment. In conclusion, Vanadium stress tolerance in B. napus is possibly controlled by SOD activity and Vanadium content root immobilisation.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Vanadium caused leaf yellowing in AV Garnet.
- Taxon
- Brassica napus
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napust0 - Material
- AV Garnete0
- Treatment
- Vanadiume0
- Outcome
- yellowinge0
- Direction
- causede0
- Comparator
- control (distilled water)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Vanadium caused yellowing of AV Garnet leaves but not Agamax leaves.”
e1“under control (distilled water) and Vanadium (350 μM NaVO3) treatments”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
Vanadium did not cause leaf yellowing in Agamax.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napust0
- Material
- Agamaxe0
- Treatment
- Vanadiume0
- Outcome
- yellowinge0
- Direction
- note0
- Comparator
- control (distilled water)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vanadium caused yellowing of AV Garnet leaves but not Agamax leaves.”
e1“under control (distilled water) and Vanadium (350 μM NaVO3) treatments”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
Vanadium caused a more severe decrease in AV Garnet leaf dry and fresh weight than in Agamax.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napust0
- Material
- AV Garnete0
- Treatment
- Vanadiume0
- Outcome
- leaf dry and fresh weighte0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- Agamaxe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vanadium stress caused a more severe decrease in leaf dry and fresh weight of AV Garnet as compared to the decrease in leaf dry and fresh weight of Agamax.”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
Vanadium reduced AV Garnet leaf chlorophyll a, b and total content.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napust0
- Material
- AV Garnete0
- Treatment
- Vanadiume0
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll content (a, b and total)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- control (distilled water)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vanadium stress only decreased leaf chlorophyll content (a, b and total) of AV Garnet but had no effect on chlorophyll content of Agamax.”
e1“under control (distilled water) and Vanadium (350 μM NaVO3) treatments”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
Vanadium had no effect on Agamax leaf chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napust0
- Material
- Agamaxe0
- Treatment
- Vanadiume0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- no effecte0
- Comparator
- control (distilled water)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vanadium stress only decreased leaf chlorophyll content (a, b and total) of AV Garnet but had no effect on chlorophyll content of Agamax.”
e1“under control (distilled water) and Vanadium (350 μM NaVO3) treatments”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
Vanadium increased leaf superoxide content in AV Garnet.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napust0
- Material
- AV Garnete0
- Treatment
- Vanadiume0
- Outcome
- superoxide (O2-) contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- control (distilled water)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vanadium stress induced an increase in toxic superoxide (O2-) content in leaves of both AV Garnet and Agamax however; we observed more O2- content in AV Garnet leaves than Agamax leaves.”
e1“under control (distilled water) and Vanadium (350 μM NaVO3) treatments”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
Vanadium increased leaf superoxide content in Agamax.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napust0
- Material
- Agamaxe0
- Treatment
- Vanadiume0
- Outcome
- superoxide (O2-) contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- control (distilled water)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vanadium stress induced an increase in toxic superoxide (O2-) content in leaves of both AV Garnet and Agamax however; we observed more O2- content in AV Garnet leaves than Agamax leaves.”
e1“under control (distilled water) and Vanadium (350 μM NaVO3) treatments”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
AV Garnet leaves had more superoxide than Agamax leaves under vanadium stress.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napust0
- Material
- AV Garnete0
- Treatment
- Vanadiume1
- Outcome
- O2- contente0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- Agamaxe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we observed more O2- content in AV Garnet leaves than Agamax leaves.”
e1“under control (distilled water) and Vanadium (350 μM NaVO3) treatments”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
Vanadium produced a more drastic rise in AV Garnet leaf lipid peroxidation than in Agamax.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napust0
- Material
- AV Garnete0
- Treatment
- Vanadiume1
- Outcome
- leaf lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- Agamaxe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we observed a more drastic increase in leaf lipid peroxidation and leaf cell death (assessed by Evans blue uptake) of AV Garnet when compared to Agamax.”
e1“under control (distilled water) and Vanadium (350 μM NaVO3) treatments”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
Vanadium produced a more drastic rise in AV Garnet leaf cell death than in Agamax.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napust0
- Material
- AV Garnete0
- Treatment
- Vanadiume1
- Outcome
- leaf cell deathe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- Agamaxe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we observed a more drastic increase in leaf lipid peroxidation and leaf cell death (assessed by Evans blue uptake) of AV Garnet when compared to Agamax.”
e1“under control (distilled water) and Vanadium (350 μM NaVO3) treatments”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
Vanadium inhibited total leaf SOD activity more in AV Garnet than in Agamax.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napust0
- Material
- AV Garnete0
- Treatment
- Vanadiume0
- Gene
- SODe0
- Outcome
- total leaf SOD activitye0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Comparator
- Agamaxe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vanadium inhibited the total leaf SOD activity of AV Garnet more than the total leaf SOD activity of Agamax.”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
Vanadium did not alter leaf MnSOD isoform activity in either cultivar.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napust0
- Material
- Agamax and AV Garnete0
- Treatment
- Vanadiume0
- Gene
- MnSODe0
- Outcome
- leaf MnSODe0
- Direction
- did not altere0
- Comparator
- control (distilled water)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vanadium treatment did not alter the leaf MnSOD as well as leaf Cu/ZnSOD isoforms of both Agamax and AV Garnet.”
e1“under control (distilled water) and Vanadium (350 μM NaVO3) treatments”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
Vanadium did not alter leaf Cu/ZnSOD isoform activity in either cultivar.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napust0
- Material
- Agamax and AV Garnete0
- Treatment
- Vanadiume0
- Gene
- Cu/ZnSODe0
- Outcome
- leaf Cu/ZnSODe0
- Direction
- did not altere0
- Comparator
- control (distilled water)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vanadium treatment did not alter the leaf MnSOD as well as leaf Cu/ZnSOD isoforms of both Agamax and AV Garnet.”
e1“under control (distilled water) and Vanadium (350 μM NaVO3) treatments”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
Vanadium upregulated FeSOD 1 and FeSOD 3 activity in Agamax leaves.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napust0
- Material
- Agamaxe0
- Treatment
- Vanadiume0
- Gene
- FeSOD 1 and FeSOD 3e0
- Outcome
- FeSOD 1 and FeSOD 3 activitye0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Comparator
- control (distilled water)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FeSOD 1 and FeSOD 3 activity was upregulated in Agamax leaves in response to Vanadium treatment but decreased in AV Garnet following Vanadium treatment.”
e1“under control (distilled water) and Vanadium (350 μM NaVO3) treatments”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
Vanadium decreased FeSOD 1 and FeSOD 3 activity in AV Garnet leaves.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napust0
- Material
- AV Garnete0
- Treatment
- Vanadiume0
- Gene
- FeSOD 1 and FeSOD 3e0
- Outcome
- FeSOD 1 and FeSOD 3 activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- control (distilled water)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FeSOD 1 and FeSOD 3 activity was upregulated in Agamax leaves in response to Vanadium treatment but decreased in AV Garnet following Vanadium treatment.”
e1“under control (distilled water) and Vanadium (350 μM NaVO3) treatments”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
Vanadium inhibited leaf FeSOD 2 activity in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napust0
- Material
- Agamax and AV Garnete0
- Treatment
- Vanadiume1
- Gene
- FeSOD 2e0
- Outcome
- leaf FeSOD 2 activitye0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Comparator
- control (distilled water)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf FeSOD 2 activity was inhibited in both Agamax and AV Garnet.”
e1“under control (distilled water) and Vanadium (350 μM NaVO3) treatments”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
Agamax roots contained more vanadium than AV Garnet roots after treatment.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napust0
- Material
- Agamaxe0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- Vanadium contente0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- AV Garnete0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“observed more Vanadium content in Agamax roots than in AV Garnet roots.”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
AV Garnet had higher root-to-leaf vanadium translocation factor than Agamax after treatment.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napust0
- Material
- AV Garnete0
- Treatment
- Vanadium treatmente0
- Outcome
- Vanadium TFe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Agamaxe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AV Garnet had a higher Vanadium TF from roots to leaves than Agamax following Vanadium treatment.”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose that vanadium tolerance may depend on SOD activity and root immobilization of vanadium.
- Taxon
- B. napusBrassica napuse0
- Gene
- SODe0
- Outcome
- Vanadium stress tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- Vanadium content root immobilisatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vanadium stress tolerance in B. napus is possibly controlled by SOD activity and Vanadium content root immobilisation.”