Abstract
Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of irrigation and nitrogen levels on radiation use efficiency (RUE), radiation extinction coefficient (κ) and temporal variation of leaf area index (LAI) and fraction intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (fIPAR). The LAI of wheat increased with increase in irrigation and nitrogen levels. The fIPAR also followed trend similar to LAI. The LAI and fIPAR showed logarithmic relationship with R 2 value of 0.92 and 0.93 for the years 2013–2014 and 2014–2015, respectively. The κ value varied between 0.41 and 0.78 and was significantly affected by nitrogen levels but was not influenced by irrigation levels. The grain and above ground biomass (AGB) yields of wheat were not affected significantly by irrigation levels. However, application of 160 kg N ha −1 (N160) registered higher grain (12–33%) and AGB (22–25%) yeilds as compared to that with application of 40 kg N ha −1 (N40). Similar to AGB, the total intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (TIPAR) was not affected by irrigation levels but N160 treatment registered 9–20% higher TIPAR compared to N40 treatment. The linear relationship between TIPAR and AGB revealed that 83–86% variation in AGB yield of wheat can be explained by TIfIPAR. The RUE of wheat under three irrigations (I3) was 6 and 18% higher ( P < 0.05) than the five (I5) and two (I2) irrigation treatments, respectively for the year 2013–2014. However, there was no significant effect of irrigation on RUE of wheat in the year 2014–2015. N160 treatment registered 5–13% higher RUE than the N40 treatment. Thus wheat may be grown with three irrigations (CRI, flowering and grain filling) and 160 kg N ha −1 for higher RUE without significant reduction in AGB of wheat compared to five irrigation levels in semi-arid location of Delhi region.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
LAI of wheat increased with increasing irrigation and nitrogen levels.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- irrigation and nitrogen levelse1
- Outcome
- LAIe1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“use efficiency of wheat crop”
e1“The LAI of wheat increased with increase in irrigation and nitrogen levels”
Claim · model-written summary
fIPAR followed a trend similar to LAI.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- fIPARe2
- Direction
- followed trend similar to LAIe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“use efficiency of wheat crop”
e2“The fIPAR also followed trend similar to LAI”
Claim · model-written summary
LAI and fIPAR showed a logarithmic relationship with R 2 values of 0.92 and 0.93 in the two years.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- logarithmic relationshipe3
- Value
- 0.92 and 0.93e3
- Qualifier
- for the years 2013–2014 and 2014–2015e3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“use efficiency of wheat crop”
e3“showed logarithmic relationship with R 2 value of 0.92 and 0.93 for the years 2013–2014 and 2014–2015, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The radiation extinction coefficient varied between 0.41 and 0.78.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- κ valuee4
- Value
- between 0.41 and 0.78e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“use efficiency of wheat crop”
e4“The κ value varied between 0.41 and 0.78 and was significantly affected by nitrogen levels but was not influenced by irrigation levels”
Claim · model-written summary
The extinction coefficient was significantly affected by nitrogen levels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen levelse4
- Outcome
- κ valuee4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“use efficiency of wheat crop”
e4“The κ value varied between 0.41 and 0.78 and was significantly affected by nitrogen levels but was not influenced by irrigation levels”
Claim · model-written summary
The extinction coefficient was not influenced by irrigation levels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigation levelse4
- Outcome
- κ valuee4
- Direction
- not influencede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“use efficiency of wheat crop”
e4“The κ value varied between 0.41 and 0.78 and was significantly affected by nitrogen levels but was not influenced by irrigation levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain and above-ground biomass yields were not significantly affected by irrigation levels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigation levelse5
- Outcome
- grain and above ground biomass (AGB) yieldse5
- Direction
- not affected significantlye5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“use efficiency of wheat crop”
e5“The grain and above ground biomass (AGB) yields of wheat were not affected significantly by irrigation levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of 160 kg N ha −1 gave 12–33% higher grain yield than 40 kg N ha −1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of 160 kg N ha −1 (N160)e6
- Outcome
- graine6
- Direction
- highere6
- Value
- 12–33%e6
- Comparator
- application of 40 kg N ha −1 (N40)e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“use efficiency of wheat crop”
e6“application of 160 kg N ha −1 (N160) registered higher grain (12–33%) and AGB (22–25%) yeilds as compared to that with application of 40 kg N ha −1 (N40)”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of 160 kg N ha −1 gave 22–25% higher AGB than 40 kg N ha −1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of 160 kg N ha −1 (N160)e6
- Outcome
- AGBe6
- Direction
- highere6
- Value
- 22–25%e6
- Comparator
- application of 40 kg N ha −1 (N40)e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“use efficiency of wheat crop”
e6“application of 160 kg N ha −1 (N160) registered higher grain (12–33%) and AGB (22–25%) yeilds as compared to that with application of 40 kg N ha −1 (N40)”
Claim · model-written summary
Total intercepted PAR was not affected by irrigation levels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigation levelse7
- Outcome
- total intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (TIPAR)e7
- Direction
- not affectede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“use efficiency of wheat crop”
e7“Similar to AGB, the total intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (TIPAR) was not affected by irrigation levels but N160 treatment registered 9–20% higher TIPAR compared to N40 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
N160 increased TIPAR by 9–20% compared with N40.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N160 treatmente7
- Outcome
- TIPARe7
- Direction
- highere7
- Value
- 9–20%e7
- Comparator
- N40 treatmente7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“use efficiency of wheat crop”
e7“Similar to AGB, the total intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (TIPAR) was not affected by irrigation levels but N160 treatment registered 9–20% higher TIPAR compared to N40 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
TIPAR explained 83–86% of the variation in AGB yield of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- variation in AGB yielde0
- Value
- 83–86%e0
- Qualifier
- can be explained by TIfIPARe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“use efficiency of wheat crop”
e0“The linear relationship between TIPAR and AGB revealed that 83–86% variation in AGB yield of wheat can be explained by TIfIPAR”
Claim · model-written summary
Three irrigations gave 6% and 18% higher RUE than five and two irrigations in 2013–2014.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- three irrigations (I3)e0
- Outcome
- RUEe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 6 and 18%e0
- Qualifier
- P < 0.05e0
- Comparator
- the five (I5) and two (I2) irrigation treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“use efficiency of wheat crop”
e0“The RUE of wheat under three irrigations (I3) was 6 and 18% higher ( P < 0.05) than the five (I5) and two (I2) irrigation treatments, respectively for the year 2013–2014”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation had no significant effect on RUE in 2014–2015.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigatione0
- Outcome
- RUE of wheate0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“use efficiency of wheat crop”
e0“However, there was no significant effect of irrigation on RUE of wheat in the year 2014–2015”
Claim · model-written summary
N160 gave 5–13% higher RUE than N40.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N160 treatmente0
- Outcome
- RUEe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5–13%e0
- Comparator
- the N40 treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“use efficiency of wheat crop”
e0“N160 treatment registered 5–13% higher RUE than the N40 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat grown with three irrigations and 160 kg N ha −1 can achieve higher RUE without significant AGB reduction compared with five irrigations.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- higher RUE without significant reduction in AGBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“use efficiency of wheat crop”
e0“Thus wheat may be grown with three irrigations (CRI, flowering and grain filling) and 160 kg N ha −1 for higher RUE without significant reduction in AGB of wheat compared to five irrigation levels”
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