Abstract
Waterlogging is expected to increase as a consequence of global climate change, constraining crop production in various parts of the world. This study assessed tolerance to 14-days of early- or late-stage waterlogging of the major winter crops wheat, barley, rapeseed and field pea. Aerenchyma formation in adventitious roots, leaf physiological parameters (net photosynthesis, stomatal and mesophyll conductances, chlorophyll fluorescence), shoot and root growth during and after waterlogging, and seed production were evaluated. Wheat produced adventitious roots with 20-22% of aerenchyma, photosynthesis was maintained during waterlogging, and seed production was 86% and 71% of controls for early- and late-waterlogging events. In barley and rapeseed, plants were less affected by early- than by late-waterlogging. Barley adventitious roots contained 19% aerenchyma, whereas rapeseed did not form aerenchyma. In barley, photosynthesis was reduced during early-waterlogging mainly by stomatal limitations, and by non-stomatal constraints (lower mesophyll conductance and damage to photosynthetic apparatus as revealed by chlorophyll fluorescence) during late-waterlogging. In rapeseed, photosynthesis was mostly reduced by non-stomatal limitations during early- and late-waterlogging, which also impacted shoot and root growth. Early-waterlogged plants of both barley and rapeseed were upon drainage able to recover in growth, and seed production reached ca. 79-85% of the controls, while late-waterlogged plants only attained 26-32% seed production. Field pea showed no ability to develop root aerenchyma when waterlogged, and its photosynthesis (and stomatal and mesophyll conductances) was rapidly decreased by the stress. Consequently, waterlogging drastically reduced field pea seed production to 6% of controls both at early- and late-stages with plants being unable to resume growth upon drainage. In conclusion, wheat generates a set of adaptive responses to withstand 14 days of waterlogging, barley and rapeseed can still produce significant yield if transiently waterlogged during early plant stages but are more adversely impacted at the late stage, and field pea is not suitable for areas prone to waterlogging events of 14 days at either growth stage.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogged wheat formed adventitious roots with 20-22% aerenchyma.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Organ / stage
- adventitious rootse0
- Outcome
- aerenchymae0
- Value
- 20-22%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat produced adventitious roots with 20-22% of aerenchyma”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat photosynthesis was maintained during waterlogging.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“photosynthesis was maintained during waterlogging”
Claim · model-written summary
Early waterlogging reduced wheat seed production to 86% of controls.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“seed production was 86% and 71% of controls for early- and late-waterlogging events”
Claim · model-written summary
Late waterlogging reduced wheat seed production to 71% of controls.
- Treatment
- late-waterlogging eventse0
- Outcome
- seed productione0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 71%e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“seed production was 86% and 71% of controls for early- and late-waterlogging events”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley was less affected by early than late waterlogging.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Treatment
- early-e0
- Outcome
- plantse0
- Direction
- less affectede0
- Comparator
- late-waterlogginge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“In barley and rapeseed, plants were less affected by early- than by late-waterlogging”
Claim · model-written summary
Rapeseed was less affected by early than late waterlogging.
Verbatim
e0“In barley and rapeseed, plants were less affected by early- than by late-waterlogging”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley adventitious roots contained 19% aerenchyma.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Organ / stage
- adventitious rootse0
- Outcome
- aerenchymae0
- Value
- 19%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Barley adventitious roots contained 19% aerenchyma”
Claim · model-written summary
Rapeseed did not form aerenchyma under waterlogging.
Verbatim
e0“rapeseed did not form aerenchyma”
Claim · model-written summary
Early waterlogging reduced barley photosynthesis mainly through stomatal limitations.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- early-waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- photosynthesise0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- stomatal limitationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In barley, photosynthesis was reduced during early-waterlogging mainly by stomatal limitations”
Claim · model-written summary
Late waterlogging reduced barley photosynthesis through non-stomatal constraints, including lower mesophyll conductance and photosynthetic apparatus damage.
- Treatment
- late-waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- mesophyll conductance and damage to photosynthetic apparatuse0
- Qualifier
- non-stomatal constraintse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“by non-stomatal constraints (lower mesophyll conductance and damage to photosynthetic apparatus as revealed by chlorophyll fluorescence) during late-waterlogging”
Claim · model-written summary
Early and late waterlogging reduced rapeseed photosynthesis mainly through non-stomatal limitations.
Verbatim
e0“In rapeseed, photosynthesis was mostly reduced by non-stomatal limitations during early- and late-waterlogging”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging also reduced rapeseed shoot and root growth.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“which also impacted shoot and root growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Early-waterlogged barley recovered growth after drainage.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- Early-waterloggede0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- recovere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early-waterlogged plants of both barley and rapeseed were upon drainage able to recover in growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Early-waterlogged rapeseed recovered growth after drainage.
Verbatim
e0“Early-waterlogged plants of both barley and rapeseed were upon drainage able to recover in growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Early-waterlogged barley and rapeseed seed production reached approximately 79-85% of controls.
Not reportedTaxonTreatment
Verbatim
e0“seed production reached ca. 79-85% of the controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Late-waterlogged barley and rapeseed seed production reached only 26-32% of controls.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“late-waterlogged plants only attained 26-32% seed production”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogged field pea did not develop root aerenchyma.
Verbatim
e0“Field pea showed no ability to develop root aerenchyma when waterlogged”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging rapidly decreased field pea photosynthesis and stomatal and mesophyll conductances.
- Treatment
- stresse0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis (and stomatal and mesophyll conductances)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“its photosynthesis (and stomatal and mesophyll conductances) was rapidly decreased by the stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Early and late waterlogging reduced field pea seed production to 6% of controls.
Verbatim
e0“waterlogging drastically reduced field pea seed production to 6% of controls both at early- and late-stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Field pea could not resume growth after drainage following waterlogging.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“plants being unable to resume growth upon drainage”
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