Abstract
Studies on model plants have shown that temporary soil flooding exposes roots to a significant hypoxic stress resulting in metabolic re-programming, accumulation of toxic metabolites and hormonal imbalance. To date, physiological and transcriptional responses to flooding in grapevine are poorly characterized. To fill this gap, we aimed to gain insights into the transcriptional and metabolic changes induced by flooding on grapevine roots (K5BB rootstocks), on which cv Sauvignon blanc (Vitis vinifera L.) plants were grafted. A preliminary experiment under hydroponic conditions enabled the identification of transiently and steadily regulated hypoxia-responsive marker genes and drafting a model for response to oxygen deprivation in grapevine roots. Afterwards, over two consecutive vegetative seasons, flooding was imposed to potted vines during the late dormancy period, to mimick the most frequent waterlogging events occurring in the field. Untargeted transcriptomic and metabolic profiling approaches were applied to investigate early responses of grapevine roots during exposure to hypoxia and subsequent recovery after stress removal. The initial hypoxic response was marked by a significant increase of the hypoxia-inducible metabolites ethanol, GABA, succinic acid and alanine which remained high also one week after recovery from flooding with the exception of ethanol that levelled off. Transcriptomic data supported the metabolic changes by indicating a substantial rearrangement of primary metabolic pathways through enhancement of the glycolytic and fermentative enzymes and of a subset of enzymes involved in the TCA cycle. GO and KEGG pathway analyses of differentially expressed genes showed a general down-regulation of brassinosteroid, auxin and gibberellin biosynthesis in waterlogged plants, suggesting a general inhibition of root growth and lateral expansion. During recovery, transcriptional activation of gibberellin biosynthetic genes and down-regulation of the metabolic ones may support a role for gibberellins in signaling grapevine rootstocks waterlogging metabolic and hormonal changes to the above ground plant. The significant internode elongation measured upon budbreak during recovery in plants that had experienced flooding supported this hypothesis. Overall integration of these data enabled us to draft a first comprehensive view of the molecular and metabolic pathways involved in grapevine’s root responses highlighting a deep metabolic and transcriptomic reprogramming during and after exposure to waterlogging.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Flooding significantly increased ethanol, GABA and succinic acid in grapevine roots during the hypoxic response.
VitisNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flooding on grapevine roots (K5BB rootstocks)”
e1“The initial hypoxic response was marked by a significant increase of the hypoxia-inducible metabolites ethanol, GABA, succinic acid and alanine”
Claim · model-written summary
Flooding significantly increased alanine in grapevine roots during the hypoxic response.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flooding on grapevine roots (K5BB rootstocks)”
e1“The initial hypoxic response was marked by a significant increase of the hypoxia-inducible metabolites ethanol, GABA, succinic acid and alanine”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypoxia-inducible metabolites remained high one week after recovery, except ethanol, which levelled off.
- Outcome
- remained high also one week after recoverye2
- Qualifier
- with the exception of ethanol that levelled offe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flooding on grapevine roots (K5BB rootstocks)”
e2“which remained high also one week after recovery from flooding with the exception of ethanol that levelled off”
Claim · model-written summary
Flooding rearranged primary metabolic pathways in grapevine roots through enhanced glycolytic and fermentative enzymes.
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- rearrangement of primary metabolic pathwayse3
- Qualifier
- through enhancement of the glycolytic and fermentative enzymese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flooding on grapevine roots (K5BB rootstocks)”
e3“indicating a substantial rearrangement of primary metabolic pathways through enhancement of the glycolytic and fermentative enzymes”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogged grapevine plants showed general down-regulation of brassinosteroid, auxin and gibberellin biosynthesis.
- Treatment
- waterlogged plantse4
- Outcome
- brassinosteroid, auxin and gibberellin biosynthesise4
- Direction
- down-regulatione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flooding on grapevine roots (K5BB rootstocks)”
e4“GO and KEGG pathway analyses of differentially expressed genes showed a general down-regulation of brassinosteroid, auxin and gibberellin biosynthesis in waterlogged plants, suggesting a general inhibition of root growth and lateral expansion”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging may generally inhibit root growth and lateral expansion of grapevine.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flooding on grapevine roots (K5BB rootstocks)”
e4“GO and KEGG pathway analyses of differentially expressed genes showed a general down-regulation of brassinosteroid, auxin and gibberellin biosynthesis in waterlogged plants, suggesting a general inhibition of root growth and lateral expansion”
Claim · model-written summary
During recovery, gibberellin biosynthetic genes were transcriptionally activated in grapevine rootstocks.
- Gene
- gibberellin biosynthetic genese5
- Outcome
- transcriptional activation of gibberellin biosynthetic genese5
- Qualifier
- During recoverye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“During recovery, transcriptional activation of gibberellin biosynthetic genes and down-regulation of the metabolic ones may support a role for gibberellins in signaling grapevine rootstocks waterlogging metabolic and hormonal changes to the above ground plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellins may signal waterlogging-induced metabolic and hormonal changes from grapevine rootstocks to the aerial plant.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“During recovery, transcriptional activation of gibberellin biosynthetic genes and down-regulation of the metabolic ones may support a role for gibberellins in signaling grapevine rootstocks waterlogging metabolic and hormonal changes to the above ground plant”
Claim · model-written summary
During recovery, metabolic gibberellin biosynthetic genes were down-regulated in grapevine rootstocks.
- Outcome
- down-regulation of the metabolic onese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“During recovery, transcriptional activation of gibberellin biosynthetic genes and down-regulation of the metabolic ones may support a role for gibberellins in signaling grapevine rootstocks waterlogging metabolic and hormonal changes to the above ground plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Flooding during dormancy significantly increased internode elongation upon budbreak during recovery in grapevine.
- Treatment
- floodinge6
- Outcome
- internode elongatione6
- Direction
- increaseinferrede6
- Qualifier
- upon budbreak during recoverye6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flooding on grapevine roots (K5BB rootstocks)”
e6“The significant internode elongation measured upon budbreak during recovery in plants that had experienced flooding”
The same questions in other papers
flooding · molecular: metabolites · VitisPositive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
flooding · growth · VitisPositive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.