Abstract
Abiotic stressors such as drought, heat, or salinity are major causes of yield loss worldwide due to the oxidative burst generated under these conditions. Recent studies have revealed that plant response to a combination of different environmental stressors is unique and cannot be deduced from the response developed to each stress when applied individually. Some studies have demonstrated that a different management of some nutrients in the irrigation solution may provide an advantage to the plants against abiotic stressors. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate if an increase in potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+) concentration in the nutrient solution may have a positive effect on the amelioration of oxidative stress which occurs under the combination of salinity and heat in tomato plants. Our results indicated that plants irrigated with an increase in K+ and Ca2+ concentrations in the irrigation solution from 7mM (K+) to 9.8 mM and from 4 mM (Ca2+) to 5.6 mM, respectively, induced a recovery of the biomass production compared to the plants treated with salinity or salinity + heat, and subsequently irrigated with the regular Hoagland solution. This was correlated with a better performance of all the photosynthetic parameters, a reduction in the foliar concentration of H2O2 and a lower lipid peroxidation rate, and with a better performance of the antioxidant enzymes ascorbate peroxidase ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductactase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR), and NADPH oxidase. Our results showed that these enzymes were differentially regulated at the transcriptional level, showing a higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification efficiency under salinity and under the combination of salinity and heat, as compared to those plants irrigated with common Hoagland. An increase in K+ and Ca2+ in the irrigation solution also induced a lower Na+ accumulation in leaves and a higher K+/Na+ ratio. Thus, our study highlights the importance of the right management of the plant nutritional status and fertilization in order to counteract the deleterious effects of abiotic stress in plants.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Higher potassium and calcium irrigation restored biomass production relative to stressed plants on regular Hoagland solution.
- Taxon
- Tomato Plants
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- increase in K+ and Ca2+ concentrations in the irrigation solutione0
- Outcome
- biomass productione0
- Direction
- recoverye0
- Qualifier
- salinity or salinity + heate0
- Comparator
- regular Hoagland solutione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants irrigated with an increase in K+ and Ca2+ concentrations in the irrigation solution from 7mM (K+) to 9.8 mM and from 4 mM (Ca2+) to 5.6 mM, respectively, induced a recovery of the biomass production compared to the plants treated with salinity or salinity + heat, and subsequently irrigated with the regular Hoagland solution”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementation improved photosynthetic parameters.
- Taxon
- Tomato PlantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increase in K+ and Ca2+ concentrationse1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic parameterse0
- Direction
- better performancee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This was correlated with a better performance of all the photosynthetic parameters”
t0“Tomato Plants”
e1“increase in K+ and Ca2+ concentrations in the irrigation solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementation reduced foliar hydrogen peroxide concentration and lipid peroxidation rate.
- Taxon
- Tomato PlantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increase in K+ and Ca2+ concentrationse1
- Outcome
- foliar concentration of H2O2 and a lower lipid peroxidation ratee0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a reduction in the foliar concentration of H2O2 and a lower lipid peroxidation rate”
t0“Tomato Plants”
e1“increase in K+ and Ca2+ concentrations in the irrigation solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant enzyme performance improved with supplementation.
- Taxon
- Tomato PlantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increase in K+ and Ca2+ concentrationse1
- Gene
- ascorbate peroxidase ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductactase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR), and NADPH oxidasee0
- Outcome
- performance of the antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- bettere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a better performance of the antioxidant enzymes ascorbate peroxidase ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductactase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR), and NADPH oxidase”
t0“Tomato Plants”
e1“increase in K+ and Ca2+ concentrations in the irrigation solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant enzymes were differentially regulated at transcriptional level, with higher ROS detoxification efficiency under salinity and combined stress.
- Taxon
- Tomato PlantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- differentially regulated at the transcriptional levele0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- under salinity and under the combination of salinity and heate0
- Comparator
- common Hoaglande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these enzymes were differentially regulated at the transcriptional level, showing a higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification efficiency under salinity and under the combination of salinity and heat, as compared to those plants irrigated with common Hoagland”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient supplementation lowered leaf sodium accumulation and raised the potassium to sodium ratio.
- Taxon
- Tomato PlantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increase in K+ and Ca2+ in the irrigation solutione0
- Outcome
- Na+ accumulation in leavese0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase in K+ and Ca2+ in the irrigation solution also induced a lower Na+ accumulation in leaves and a higher K+/Na+ ratio”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient supplementation raised the potassium to sodium ratio.
- Taxon
- Tomato PlantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increase in K+ and Ca2+ in the irrigation solutione0
- Outcome
- K+/Na+ ratioe0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase in K+ and Ca2+ in the irrigation solution also induced a lower Na+ accumulation in leaves and a higher K+/Na+ ratio”
t0“Tomato Plants”
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irrigation · yield · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
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