Abstract
Maintaining crop productivity under limited irrigation water requires some new strategies. This study investigated the influence of drought stress and the application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) including jasmonic acid, brassinosteroids, and putrescine on photosynthetic performance of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill). The results indicated that fennel exhibited active osmoregulation which prevented a sharp decrease in relative water content. Fennel successfully maintained high leaf chlorophyll index, Net photosynthesis rate, and transpiration under mild stress, however, severe stress reduced the photosynthetic parameters by 22%, 24%, and 50%, respectively. Drought stress increased chlorophyll a fluorescence when fennel plants exposed to the stress condition. Vk and Wk parameters related to the donor side of photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII) increased by 44% when severe drought stress imposed at the vegetative stage and 34% when occurred during the flowering. The elevation of Vk and Wk indicated a failure in water splitting in PSII. The VJ and VI parameters of acceptor sides increased by 16% and 22%, respectively when drought stress imposed at the vegetative phase and to 19% and 30%, when drought stress occurred during reproductive phase. Using PGRs resulted in reduced VJ, VI, Vk, and Wk, suggesting that some degree of recovery of damages occurred. All three PGRs stimulated biomass production and on average, plants yielded roughly 1.6 fold higher than the control plants. The influences of PGRs were mainly independent of drought stress level.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Fennel osmoregulation prevented a sharp fall in relative water content.
- Taxon
- fennel
_-_Parc_Natural_de_s'Albufera%2C_Spain_2022-04-18_(02).jpg?width=60)
Anethum foeniculume0 - Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Qualifier
- active osmoregulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_-_Parc_Natural_de_s'Albufera%2C_Spain_2022-04-18_(02).jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“fennel exhibited active osmoregulation which prevented a sharp decrease in relative water content”
Claim · model-written summary
Fennel maintained high chlorophyll index, photosynthesis and transpiration under mild stress.
- Taxon
- FennelAnethum foeniculume0
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll index, Net photosynthesis rate, and transpiratione0
- Qualifier
- mild stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fennel successfully maintained high leaf chlorophyll index, Net photosynthesis rate, and transpiration under mild stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe stress reduced leaf chlorophyll index by 22%.
- Taxon
- fennelAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- severe stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll indext1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 22%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“severe stress reduced the photosynthetic parameters by 22%, 24%, and 50%, respectively”
t0“fennel”
t1“leaf chlorophyll index”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe stress reduced net photosynthesis by 24%.
- Taxon
- fennelAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- severe stresse0
- Outcome
- Net photosynthesis ratet1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 24%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“severe stress reduced the photosynthetic parameters by 22%, 24%, and 50%, respectively”
t0“fennel”
t1“Net photosynthesis rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe stress reduced transpiration by 50%.
- Taxon
- fennelAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- severe stresse0
- Outcome
- transpirationt1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“severe stress reduced the photosynthetic parameters by 22%, 24%, and 50%, respectively”
t0“fennel”
t1“transpiration”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased chlorophyll a fluorescence.
- Taxon
- fennelAnethum foeniculume0
- Treatment
- Drought stresse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a fluorescencee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress increased chlorophyll a fluorescence when fennel plants exposed to the stress condition”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe vegetative stage drought increased Vk and Wk by 44%.
- Taxon
- fennelAnethum foeniculumt0
- Organ / stage
- vegetative stagee0
- Treatment
- severe drought stresse0
- Outcome
- Vk and Wk parameterse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 44%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vk and Wk parameters related to the donor side of photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII) increased by 44% when severe drought stress imposed at the vegetative stage”
t0“fennel”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe flowering stage drought increased Vk and Wk by 34%.
- Taxon
- fennelAnethum foeniculumt0
- Organ / stage
- floweringe0
- Treatment
- severe drought stresst1
- Outcome
- Vk and Wkt1
- Direction
- increasedt1
- Value
- 34%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“34% when occurred during the flowering”
t0“fennel”
t1“Vk and Wk parameters related to the donor side of photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII) increased by 44% when severe drought stress imposed at the vegetative stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated Vk and Wk indicated failure of water splitting in PSII.
- Taxon
- fennelAnethum foeniculumt0
- Outcome
- failure in water splitting in PSIIe0
- Qualifier
- elevation of Vk and Wke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The elevation of Vk and Wk indicated a failure in water splitting in PSII”
t0“fennel”
Claim · model-written summary
Vegetative drought increased VJ by 16%.
- Taxon
- fennelAnethum foeniculumt0
- Organ / stage
- vegetative phasee0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- VJe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VJ and VI parameters of acceptor sides increased by 16% and 22%, respectively when drought stress imposed at the vegetative phase”
t0“fennel”
Claim · model-written summary
Vegetative drought increased VI by 22%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VJ and VI parameters of acceptor sides increased by 16% and 22%, respectively when drought stress imposed at the vegetative phase”
t0“fennel”
Claim · model-written summary
Reproductive drought increased VJ by 19%.
- Taxon
- fennelAnethum foeniculumt0
- Organ / stage
- reproductive phasee0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- VJt1
- Direction
- increasedt1
- Value
- 19%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to 19% and 30%, when drought stress occurred during reproductive phase”
t0“fennel”
t1“VJ and VI parameters of acceptor sides increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Reproductive drought increased VI by 30%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to 19% and 30%, when drought stress occurred during reproductive phase”
t0“fennel”
t1“VJ and VI parameters of acceptor sides increased”
Claim · model-written summary
PGRs reduced VJ, VI, Vk and Wk.
- Taxon
- fennelAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- PGRse0
- Outcome
- VJ, VI, Vk, and Wke0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using PGRs resulted in reduced VJ, VI, Vk, and Wk”
t0“fennel”
Claim · model-written summary
Three PGRs stimulated biomass production to about 1.6 fold control.
- Taxon
- fennelAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- All three PGRse0
- Outcome
- biomass productione0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Value
- 1.6 folde0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All three PGRs stimulated biomass production and on average, plants yielded roughly 1.6 fold higher than the control plants”
t0“fennel”
Claim · model-written summary
PGR effects were mainly independent of drought level.
- Taxon
- fennelAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- drought stress levele0
- Outcome
- influences of PGRse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The influences of PGRs were mainly independent of drought stress level”
t0“fennel”
The same questions in other papers
drought · physiology: pigments · Anethum foeniculum (fennel)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
class · yield · Anethum foeniculum (fennel)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.