Abstract
Implementing strategies for the efficient use of irrigation water is a priority in areas that encounter water shortage. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is an important medicinal plant grown in many semi-arid regions. A greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the influence of drought stress and the application of three plant growth regulators (PGRs) including jasmonic acid (JA), brassinosteroids (BRs), and putrescine (Put) on photosynthetic parameters, seed yield, essential oil content, essential oil yield, and water use efficiency of seed (WUEseed) of fennel. The results indicated that fennel leaves grown under mild drought stress maintained their relative water content by osmotic adjustment mainly through soluble sugars. Photosynthetic parameters, including leaf chlorophyll index, the maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, net photosynthesis, and transpiration rate were similar in non-stressed plants and mildly-stressed plants prior to flowering. Essential oil content increased in stressed plants, but essential oil yield decreased. WUEseed slightly improved in plants under moderate drought stress. Regardless of the stress level, all three PGRs increased seed yield, primarily by increasing the seed number. Application of BRs, JA, and Put resulted in an approximately 4.2-, 3.5-, and 1.7-fold increase in essential oil yield, respectively. The highest WUEseed (0.82 g/L) was measured in plants that were grown under moderate stress and treated with BRs. Maximum seed yield (2.7 g/plant) was obtained from plants grown under non-stress conditions when treated with JA. It was concluded that spraying fennel plants with PGRs resulted in a considerable increase in essential oil yield.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Mild drought fennel maintained leaf relative water content by osmotic adjustment mainly through soluble sugars.
- Taxon
- fennel
_-_Parc_Natural_de_s'Albufera%2C_Spain_2022-04-18_(02).jpg?width=60)
Anethum foeniculume0 - Treatment
- mild drought stresse0
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- maintainede0
- Qualifier
- osmotic adjustment mainly through soluble sugarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_-_Parc_Natural_de_s'Albufera%2C_Spain_2022-04-18_(02).jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“fennel leaves grown under mild drought stress maintained their relative water content by osmotic adjustment mainly through soluble sugars”
t0“Fennel”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-stressed and mildly stressed fennel had similar leaf chlorophyll index, PSII yield, net photosynthesis and transpiration before flowering.
- Taxon
- FennelAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- mildly-stressed plantse0
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll index, the maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, net photosynthesis, and transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- prior to floweringe0
- Comparator
- non-stressed plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photosynthetic parameters, including leaf chlorophyll index, the maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, net photosynthesis, and transpiration rate were similar in non-stressed plants and mildly-stressed plants prior to flowering.”
t0“Fennel”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased fennel essential oil content.
- Taxon
- FennelAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- stressed plantse0
- Outcome
- Essential oil contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Essential oil content increased in stressed plants”
t0“Fennel”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought decreased fennel essential oil yield.
- Taxon
- FennelAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- stressed plantse0
- Outcome
- essential oil yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Essential oil content increased in stressed plants, but essential oil yield decreased”
t0“Fennel”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate drought slightly improved fennel seed water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- FennelAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- moderate drought stresse0
- Outcome
- WUEseede0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WUEseed slightly improved in plants under moderate drought stress”
t0“Fennel”
Claim · model-written summary
Jasmonic acid increased fennel seed yield regardless of stress level, mainly by increasing seed number.
- Taxon
- FennelAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- jasmonic acid (JA)e0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- primarily by increasing the seed numbere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“including jasmonic acid (JA), brassinosteroids (BRs), and putrescine (Put) on photosynthetic parameters, seed yield, essential oil content, essential oil yield, and water use efficiency of seed (WUEseed) of fennel. The results indicated that fennel leaves grown under mild drought stress maintained their relative water content by osmotic adjustment mainly through soluble sugars. Photosynthetic parameters, including leaf chlorophyll index, the maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, net photosynthesis, and transpiration rate were similar in non-stressed plants and mildly-stressed plants prior to flowering. Essential oil content increased in stressed plants, but essential oil yield decreased. WUEseed slightly improved in plants under moderate drought stress. Regardless of the stress level, all three PGRs increased seed yield, primarily by increasing the seed number.”
t0“Fennel”
Claim · model-written summary
Brassinosteroids increased fennel seed yield regardless of stress level, mainly by increasing seed number.
- Taxon
- FennelAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- brassinosteroids (BRs)e0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“including jasmonic acid (JA), brassinosteroids (BRs), and putrescine (Put) on photosynthetic parameters, seed yield, essential oil content, essential oil yield, and water use efficiency of seed (WUEseed) of fennel. The results indicated that fennel leaves grown under mild drought stress maintained their relative water content by osmotic adjustment mainly through soluble sugars. Photosynthetic parameters, including leaf chlorophyll index, the maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, net photosynthesis, and transpiration rate were similar in non-stressed plants and mildly-stressed plants prior to flowering. Essential oil content increased in stressed plants, but essential oil yield decreased. WUEseed slightly improved in plants under moderate drought stress. Regardless of the stress level, all three PGRs increased seed yield, primarily by increasing the seed number.”
t0“Fennel”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine increased fennel seed yield regardless of stress level, mainly by increasing seed number.
- Taxon
- FennelAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- putrescine (Put)e0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“including jasmonic acid (JA), brassinosteroids (BRs), and putrescine (Put) on photosynthetic parameters, seed yield, essential oil content, essential oil yield, and water use efficiency of seed (WUEseed) of fennel. The results indicated that fennel leaves grown under mild drought stress maintained their relative water content by osmotic adjustment mainly through soluble sugars. Photosynthetic parameters, including leaf chlorophyll index, the maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, net photosynthesis, and transpiration rate were similar in non-stressed plants and mildly-stressed plants prior to flowering. Essential oil content increased in stressed plants, but essential oil yield decreased. WUEseed slightly improved in plants under moderate drought stress. Regardless of the stress level, all three PGRs increased seed yield, primarily by increasing the seed number.”
t0“Fennel”
Claim · model-written summary
Brassinosteroids increased fennel essential oil yield approximately 4.2-fold.
- Taxon
- FennelAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- BRse0
- Outcome
- essential oil yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 4.2-e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of BRs, JA, and Put resulted in an approximately 4.2-, 3.5-, and 1.7-fold increase in essential oil yield, respectively.”
t0“Fennel”
Claim · model-written summary
Jasmonic acid increased fennel essential oil yield approximately 3.5-fold.
- Taxon
- FennelAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- JAe0
- Outcome
- essential oil yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 3.5-e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of BRs, JA, and Put resulted in an approximately 4.2-, 3.5-, and 1.7-fold increase in essential oil yield, respectively.”
t0“Fennel”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine increased fennel essential oil yield approximately 1.7-fold.
- Taxon
- FennelAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- Pute0
- Outcome
- essential oil yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 1.7-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of BRs, JA, and Put resulted in an approximately 4.2-, 3.5-, and 1.7-fold increase in essential oil yield, respectively.”
t0“Fennel”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate stress with BRs gave the highest fennel seed water use efficiency, 0.82 g/L.
- Taxon
- FennelAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- moderate stress and treated with BRse0
- Outcome
- WUEseede0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.82 g/Le0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest WUEseed (0.82 g/L) was measured in plants that were grown under moderate stress and treated with BRs.”
t0“Fennel”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-stress conditions with JA gave maximum fennel seed yield, 2.7 g/plant.
- Taxon
- FennelAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- non-stress conditions when treated with JAe0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 2.7 g/plante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum seed yield (2.7 g/plant) was obtained from plants grown under non-stress conditions when treated with JA.”
t0“Fennel”
The same questions in other papers
drought · physiology: water · Anethum foeniculum (fennel)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
class · yield · Anethum foeniculum (fennel)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.