Abstract
Translocation of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) from vegetative tissues to the grain sinks is critical for grain yield. However, it is unclear how these processes respond to crop management practices when two crops are planted in relay-planting system. In this study, we characterized the C and N accumulation and translocation and their effects on yield formation in a pea (Pisum sativum L.)-maize (Zea mays L.) relay-planting system under different levels of source availabilities. Field experiment was conducted at Wuwei, northwest China, in 2012, 2013 and 2014. Two N fertilizer rates (low- N0 and high – N1) and three maize plant densities (low – D1, medium – D2, and high – D3) were designed to create the different levels of source availabilities. During the co-growth period, the rate of C accumulation in intercropped maize was 7.4-10.8%, 13.8-22.9% and 13.5-32.0% lower than those in monoculture maize, respectively, under the D1, D2, and D3 treatments; however, after pea harvest, these values were 1.1-23.7%, 33.5-78.9% and 36.8-123.7% greater than those in monoculture maize. At maturity, intercropped maize accumulated 11.4, 11.5 and 19.4% more N than monoculture maize, respectively, under the D1, D2, and D3 treatments. Compared to the monoculture crops, intercropped pea increased C accumulation in stems by 40.3% with N-application and by 19.5% without N application; intercropping maize increased these values by 16% and 11%, respectively. Overall, increasing N fertilization improved the rates of C and N remobilization from the vegetative tissues to the grain sinks across the different density treatments. In intercropped maize, the stems contributed 22, 33, and 44% more photosynthate to the grain sinks than the leaves, respectively, under the D1, D2, and D3 treatments. Quantitative assessments showed that the enhanced C and N remobilization due to high N fertilization and high plant density led to an increase of grain yield in the intercropping system by 35% compared with monoculture. We conclude that the enhanced productivity in maize-pea intercropping is a function of the source availability which is regulated by plant density and N fertilization.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
During co-growth, intercropped maize C accumulation rate was 7.4-10.8% lower than monoculture at D1.
- Material
- D1e0
- Treatment
- intercropped maizee0
- Outcome
- rate of C accumulatione0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 7.4-10.8%e0
- Qualifier
- co-growth periode0
- Comparator
- monoculture maizee0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the co-growth period, the rate of C accumulation in intercropped maize was 7.4-10.8%, 13.8-22.9% and 13.5-32.0% lower than those in monoculture maize, respectively, under the D1, D2, and D3 treatments; however, after pea harvest, these values were 1.1-23.7%, 33.5-78.9% and 36.8-123.7% greater than those in monoculture maize.”
t0“Maize-Pea Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
During co-growth, intercropped maize C accumulation rate was 13.8-22.9% lower than monoculture at D2.
- Material
- D2e0
- Treatment
- intercropped maizee0
- Outcome
- rate of C accumulatione0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 13.8-22.9%e0
- Qualifier
- co-growth periode0
- Comparator
- monoculture maizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the co-growth period, the rate of C accumulation in intercropped maize was 7.4-10.8%, 13.8-22.9% and 13.5-32.0% lower than those in monoculture maize, respectively, under the D1, D2, and D3 treatments; however, after pea harvest, these values were 1.1-23.7%, 33.5-78.9% and 36.8-123.7% greater than those in monoculture maize.”
t0“Maize-Pea Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
During co-growth, intercropped maize C accumulation rate was 13.5-32.0% lower than monoculture at D3.
- Material
- D3e0
- Treatment
- intercropped maizee0
- Outcome
- rate of C accumulatione0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 13.5-32.0%e0
- Qualifier
- co-growth periode0
- Comparator
- monoculture maizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the co-growth period, the rate of C accumulation in intercropped maize was 7.4-10.8%, 13.8-22.9% and 13.5-32.0% lower than those in monoculture maize, respectively, under the D1, D2, and D3 treatments; however, after pea harvest, these values were 1.1-23.7%, 33.5-78.9% and 36.8-123.7% greater than those in monoculture maize.”
t0“Maize-Pea Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
After pea harvest, intercropped maize C accumulation was 1.1-23.7% greater than monoculture at D1.
- Material
- D1e0
- Treatment
- intercropped maizee0
- Outcome
- rate of C accumulatione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 1.1-23.7%e0
- Qualifier
- after pea harveste0
- Comparator
- monoculture maizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the co-growth period, the rate of C accumulation in intercropped maize was 7.4-10.8%, 13.8-22.9% and 13.5-32.0% lower than those in monoculture maize, respectively, under the D1, D2, and D3 treatments; however, after pea harvest, these values were 1.1-23.7%, 33.5-78.9% and 36.8-123.7% greater than those in monoculture maize.”
t0“Maize-Pea Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
After pea harvest, intercropped maize C accumulation was 33.5-78.9% greater than monoculture at D2.
- Material
- D2e0
- Treatment
- intercropped maizee0
- Outcome
- rate of C accumulatione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 33.5-78.9%e0
- Qualifier
- after pea harveste0
- Comparator
- monoculture maizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the co-growth period, the rate of C accumulation in intercropped maize was 7.4-10.8%, 13.8-22.9% and 13.5-32.0% lower than those in monoculture maize, respectively, under the D1, D2, and D3 treatments; however, after pea harvest, these values were 1.1-23.7%, 33.5-78.9% and 36.8-123.7% greater than those in monoculture maize.”
t0“Maize-Pea Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
After pea harvest, intercropped maize C accumulation was 36.8-123.7% greater than monoculture at D3.
- Material
- D3e0
- Treatment
- intercropped maizee0
- Outcome
- rate of C accumulatione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 36.8-123.7%e0
- Qualifier
- after pea harveste0
- Comparator
- monoculture maizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the co-growth period, the rate of C accumulation in intercropped maize was 7.4-10.8%, 13.8-22.9% and 13.5-32.0% lower than those in monoculture maize, respectively, under the D1, D2, and D3 treatments; however, after pea harvest, these values were 1.1-23.7%, 33.5-78.9% and 36.8-123.7% greater than those in monoculture maize.”
t0“Maize-Pea Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
At maturity, intercropped maize accumulated 11.4 more N than monoculture maize at D1.
- Material
- D1e0
- Treatment
- intercropped maizee0
- Outcome
- Ne0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 11.4e0
- Qualifier
- At maturitye0
- Comparator
- monoculture maizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At maturity, intercropped maize accumulated 11.4, 11.5 and 19.4% more N than monoculture maize, respectively, under the D1, D2, and D3 treatments.”
t0“Maize-Pea Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
At maturity, intercropped maize accumulated 11.5 more N than monoculture maize at D2.
- Material
- D2e0
- Treatment
- intercropped maizee0
- Outcome
- Ne0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 11.5e0
- Qualifier
- At maturitye0
- Comparator
- monoculture maizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At maturity, intercropped maize accumulated 11.4, 11.5 and 19.4% more N than monoculture maize, respectively, under the D1, D2, and D3 treatments.”
t0“Maize-Pea Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
At maturity, intercropped maize accumulated 19.4% more N than monoculture maize at D3.
- Material
- D3e0
- Treatment
- intercropped maizee0
- Outcome
- Ne0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 19.4%e0
- Qualifier
- At maturitye0
- Comparator
- monoculture maizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At maturity, intercropped maize accumulated 11.4, 11.5 and 19.4% more N than monoculture maize, respectively, under the D1, D2, and D3 treatments.”
t0“Maize-Pea Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased pea stem C accumulation by 40.3% with N-application.
- Taxon
- pea
Lathyrus oleraceuse0 - Treatment
- intercropped peae0
- Outcome
- C accumulation in stemse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 40.3%e0
- Qualifier
- with N-applicatione0
- Comparator
- monoculture cropse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the monoculture crops, intercropped pea increased C accumulation in stems by 40.3% with N-application and by 19.5% without N application; intercropping maize increased these values by 16% and 11%, respectively.”
t0“Maize-Pea Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased pea stem C accumulation by 19.5% without N application.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- intercropped peae0
- Outcome
- C accumulation in stemse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 19.5%e0
- Qualifier
- without N applicatione0
- Comparator
- monoculture cropse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the monoculture crops, intercropped pea increased C accumulation in stems by 40.3% with N-application and by 19.5% without N application; intercropping maize increased these values by 16% and 11%, respectively.”
t0“Maize-Pea Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased maize stem C accumulation by 16% with N-application.
- Treatment
- intercropping maizee0
- Outcome
- C accumulation in stemse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16%e0
- Qualifier
- with N-applicatione0
- Comparator
- monoculture cropse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the monoculture crops, intercropped pea increased C accumulation in stems by 40.3% with N-application and by 19.5% without N application; intercropping maize increased these values by 16% and 11%, respectively.”
t0“Maize-Pea Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased maize stem C accumulation by 11% without N application.
- Treatment
- intercropping maizee0
- Outcome
- C accumulation in stemse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11%e0
- Qualifier
- without N applicatione0
- Comparator
- monoculture cropse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the monoculture crops, intercropped pea increased C accumulation in stems by 40.3% with N-application and by 19.5% without N application; intercropping maize increased these values by 16% and 11%, respectively.”
t0“Maize-Pea Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing N fertilization improved C and N remobilization from vegetative tissues to grain sinks across densities.
- Treatment
- increasing N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- rates of C and N remobilizatione0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- across the different density treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall, increasing N fertilization improved the rates of C and N remobilization from the vegetative tissues to the grain sinks across the different density treatments.”
t0“Maize-Pea Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
In intercropped maize at D1, stems contributed 22 more photosynthate to grain sinks than leaves.
- Material
- D1e0
- Organ / stage
- stemse0
- Outcome
- photosynthate to the grain sinkse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 22e0
- Comparator
- leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In intercropped maize, the stems contributed 22, 33, and 44% more photosynthate to the grain sinks than the leaves, respectively, under the D1, D2, and D3 treatments.”
t0“Maize-Pea Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
In intercropped maize at D2, stems contributed 33 more photosynthate to grain sinks than leaves.
- Material
- D2e0
- Organ / stage
- stemse0
- Outcome
- photosynthate to the grain sinkse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 33e0
- Comparator
- leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In intercropped maize, the stems contributed 22, 33, and 44% more photosynthate to the grain sinks than the leaves, respectively, under the D1, D2, and D3 treatments.”
t0“Maize-Pea Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
In intercropped maize at D3, stems contributed 44% more photosynthate to grain sinks than leaves.
- Material
- D3e0
- Organ / stage
- stemse0
- Outcome
- photosynthate to the grain sinkse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 44%e0
- Comparator
- leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In intercropped maize, the stems contributed 22, 33, and 44% more photosynthate to the grain sinks than the leaves, respectively, under the D1, D2, and D3 treatments.”
t0“Maize-Pea Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
High N fertilization and plant density increased intercropped grain yield by 35% versus monoculture.
- Treatment
- high N fertilization and high plant densitye0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 35%e0
- Comparator
- monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Quantitative assessments showed that the enhanced C and N remobilization due to high N fertilization and high plant density led to an increase of grain yield in the intercropping system by 35% compared with monoculture.”
t0“Maize-Pea Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute higher maize-pea intercropping productivity to source availability regulated by density and N fertilization.
Verbatim
e0“We conclude that the enhanced productivity in maize-pea intercropping is a function of the source availability which is regulated by plant density and N fertilization.”
t0“Maize-Pea Intercropping”
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