Abstract
This investigation was carried out during three consecutive seasons of 2011, 2012 and 2013 to study the effect of irrigation regime, organic fertilization treatments and their interaction on some soil chemical and physical properties, vegetative growth and nutritional status of “Anna” apple trees budded on Malus root stock grown on clay soil at Tanta district, El-Gharbia Governorate. Results were only taken in 2012 and 2013 seasons. In this respect, three irrigation regimes at 70, 50 and 30% of available soil water (I1, I2 and I3) were used and cattle or chicken organic manures was applied at 0, 50, 75 and 100% combined with mineral N at 100%, 50%, 25% and 0% of the recommended dose of 400 g/tree/year in seven fertilization treatments (F1-F7). The obtained results indicated that, soil physical and chemical properties except for pH and EC were significantly influenced by the tested organic fertilization and irrigation treatments in both seasons. The best results in increasing the percentage of organic matter and organic carbon, total porosity, aggregation parameters and reducing soil bulk density were obtained by increasing the application rate of organic manures up to 100% and using moderate irrigation rate at 50% AW (I2) compared to high (I1) or deficit (I3) irrigation one. Data of both seasons cleared that, shoot and leaf growth parameters, trunk cross section area-increase as well as average number and fresh weight of fibrous roots were significantly increased with increasing irrigation rate up to 50, 70% AW. However, fertilization of 50% cattle or chicken manure + 50% mineral fertilizer (F2 or F5) resulted in the highest significant values of these vegetative growth parameters. The application of (I1 x F2), (I1 x F5), (I2 x F2) and/or (I2 x F5) considered to be the best combination treatments for enhancing vegetative growth of “Anna” apple trees. Obtained data revealed that application of cattle or chicken organic manure alone (F4 & F7) significantly increased leaf macro and micro nutrients as well as total chlorophyll contents, but significantly reduced free proline content. Moreover, fertilizing with chicken manure alone surpass of cattle manure alone in enhancing leaf mineral content. On the other hand, reducing irrigation rate up to 30% AW led to a significant reduction in leaf macro and micro-nutrients and total chlorophyll content, while, leaf free proline content was significantly increased in both seasons of study. The maximum values of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and total chlorophyll content were produced by (I1 x F7), (I1 x F4) and/or (I2 x F7) combination treatments without significant difference among them, while the minimum values recorded with (I3 x F1) treatment in both seasons. Thus, this study recommended “Anna” apple growers to apply 50% cattle or chicken manure + 50% mineral N fertilizer under moderate irrigation regime in (I2 x F2) or (I2 x F5) which considered to be the best combination treatments for improving the most of soil physical and chemical properties, saving irrigation water with 11.73% and keeping soil moisture content which enhanced top and root system growth and leaf mineral and chlorophyll contents under clay soil conditions. By this treatment organic manures can reduce the need for about 50% of N mineral fertilizers, minimizing both production cost and environmental pollution which could be occurred by excess of chemical fertilizer.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilization and irrigation treatments significantly influenced soil physical and chemical properties, except pH and EC, in both seasons.
- Taxon
- apple trees
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- organic fertilization and irrigation treatmentse1
- Outcome
- soil physical and chemical properties except for pH and ECe1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vegetative growth and nutritional status of “Anna” apple trees”
e1“soil physical and chemical properties except for pH and EC were significantly influenced by the tested organic fertilization and irrigation treatments in both seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manures up to 100% with moderate irrigation at 50% AW gave the best increases in soil organic matter, organic carbon, total porosity and aggregation parameters, compared with high or deficit irrigation.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- increasing the application rate of organic manures up to 100% and using moderate irrigation rate at 50% AW (I2)e2
- Outcome
- percentage of organic matter and organic carbon, total porosity, aggregation parameterse2
- Direction
- increasinge2
- Comparator
- high (I1) or deficit (I3) irrigatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vegetative growth and nutritional status of “Anna” apple trees”
e2“The best results in increasing the percentage of organic matter and organic carbon, total porosity, aggregation parameters and reducing soil bulk density were obtained by increasing the application rate of organic manures up to 100% and using moderate irrigation rate at 50% AW (I2) compared to high (I1) or deficit (I3) irrigation one”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manures up to 100% with moderate irrigation at 50% AW gave the best reduction in soil bulk density, compared with high or deficit irrigation.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- increasing the application rate of organic manures up to 100% and using moderate irrigation rate at 50% AW (I2)e2
- Outcome
- soil bulk densitye2
- Direction
- reducinge2
- Comparator
- high (I1) or deficit (I3) irrigatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vegetative growth and nutritional status of “Anna” apple trees”
e2“The best results in increasing the percentage of organic matter and organic carbon, total porosity, aggregation parameters and reducing soil bulk density were obtained by increasing the application rate of organic manures up to 100% and using moderate irrigation rate at 50% AW (I2) compared to high (I1) or deficit (I3) irrigation one”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irrigation up to 50-70% AW significantly increased shoot and leaf growth parameters and trunk cross-section area of apple trees.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- increasing irrigation rate up to 50, 70% AWe3
- Outcome
- shoot and leaf growth parameters, trunk cross section areae3
- Direction
- significantly increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vegetative growth and nutritional status of “Anna” apple trees”
e3“shoot and leaf growth parameters, trunk cross section area-increase as well as average number and fresh weight of fibrous roots were significantly increased with increasing irrigation rate up to 50, 70% AW”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irrigation up to 50-70% AW significantly increased the average number and fresh weight of fibrous roots of apple trees.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- increasing irrigation rate up to 50, 70% AWe3
- Outcome
- average number and fresh weight of fibrous rootse3
- Direction
- significantly increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vegetative growth and nutritional status of “Anna” apple trees”
e3“shoot and leaf growth parameters, trunk cross section area-increase as well as average number and fresh weight of fibrous roots were significantly increased with increasing irrigation rate up to 50, 70% AW”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization with 50% cattle or chicken manure plus 50% mineral fertilizer (F2 or F5) gave the highest significant values of vegetative growth parameters.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- 50% cattle or chicken manure + 50% mineral fertilizer (F2 or F5)e4
- Outcome
- vegetative growth parameterse4
- Direction
- higheste4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vegetative growth and nutritional status of “Anna” apple trees”
e4“fertilization of 50% cattle or chicken manure + 50% mineral fertilizer (F2 or F5) resulted in the highest significant values of these vegetative growth parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
The combinations (I1 x F2), (I1 x F5), (I2 x F2) and (I2 x F5) are considered the best treatments for enhancing vegetative growth of apple trees.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae5
- Treatment
- (I1 x F2), (I1 x F5), (I2 x F2) and/or (I2 x F5)e5
- Outcome
- vegetative growthe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The application of (I1 x F2), (I1 x F5), (I2 x F2) and/or (I2 x F5) considered to be the best combination treatments for enhancing vegetative growth of “Anna” apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Cattle or chicken organic manure alone significantly increased leaf macro and micro nutrients and total chlorophyll contents of apple trees.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- cattle or chicken organic manure alone (F4 & F7)e6
- Outcome
- leaf macro and micro nutrients as well as total chlorophyll contentse6
- Direction
- significantly increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vegetative growth and nutritional status of “Anna” apple trees”
e6“Obtained data revealed that application of cattle or chicken organic manure alone (F4 & F7) significantly increased leaf macro and micro nutrients as well as total chlorophyll contents, but significantly reduced free proline content”
Claim · model-written summary
Cattle or chicken organic manure alone significantly reduced leaf free proline content of apple trees.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- cattle or chicken organic manure alone (F4 & F7)e6
- Outcome
- free proline contente6
- Direction
- significantly reducede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vegetative growth and nutritional status of “Anna” apple trees”
e6“Obtained data revealed that application of cattle or chicken organic manure alone (F4 & F7) significantly increased leaf macro and micro nutrients as well as total chlorophyll contents, but significantly reduced free proline content”
Claim · model-written summary
Chicken manure alone surpassed cattle manure alone in enhancing leaf mineral content of apple trees.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- fertilizing with chicken manure alonee7
- Outcome
- leaf mineral contente7
- Direction
- surpasse7
- Comparator
- cattle manure alonee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vegetative growth and nutritional status of “Anna” apple trees”
e7“Moreover, fertilizing with chicken manure alone surpass of cattle manure alone in enhancing leaf mineral content”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing irrigation to 30% AW significantly reduced leaf macro and micro nutrients and total chlorophyll content of apple trees.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- reducing irrigation rate up to 30% AWe1
- Outcome
- leaf macro and micro-nutrients and total chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- significant reductione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vegetative growth and nutritional status of “Anna” apple trees”
e1“reducing irrigation rate up to 30% AW led to a significant reduction in leaf macro and micro-nutrients and total chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing irrigation to 30% AW significantly increased leaf free proline content of apple trees.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- reducing irrigation rate up to 30% AWe1
- Outcome
- leaf free proline contente2
- Direction
- significantly increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vegetative growth and nutritional status of “Anna” apple trees”
e1“reducing irrigation rate up to 30% AW led to a significant reduction in leaf macro and micro-nutrients and total chlorophyll content”
e2“leaf free proline content was significantly increased in both seasons of study”
Claim · model-written summary
Combinations (I1 x F7), (I1 x F4) and (I2 x F7) gave the maximum N, P and K leaf values, without significant difference among them.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- (I1 x F7), (I1 x F4) and/or (I2 x F7)e1
- Outcome
- N, P, Ke1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Qualifier
- without significant difference among theme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vegetative growth and nutritional status of “Anna” apple trees”
e1“The maximum values of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and total chlorophyll content were produced by (I1 x F7), (I1 x F4) and/or (I2 x F7) combination treatments without significant difference among them”
Claim · model-written summary
Combinations (I1 x F7), (I1 x F4) and (I2 x F7) gave the maximum Ca, Mg and Fe leaf values, without significant difference among them.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- (I1 x F7), (I1 x F4) and/or (I2 x F7)e1
- Outcome
- Ca, Mg, Fee1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Qualifier
- without significant difference among theme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vegetative growth and nutritional status of “Anna” apple trees”
e1“The maximum values of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and total chlorophyll content were produced by (I1 x F7), (I1 x F4) and/or (I2 x F7) combination treatments without significant difference among them”
Claim · model-written summary
Combinations (I1 x F7), (I1 x F4) and (I2 x F7) gave the maximum Mn, Zn and total chlorophyll content, without significant difference among them.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- (I1 x F7), (I1 x F4) and/or (I2 x F7)e1
- Outcome
- Mn, Zn and total chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Qualifier
- without significant difference among theme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vegetative growth and nutritional status of “Anna” apple trees”
e1“The maximum values of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and total chlorophyll content were produced by (I1 x F7), (I1 x F4) and/or (I2 x F7) combination treatments without significant difference among them”
Claim · model-written summary
Combination (I3 x F1) gave the minimum leaf nutrient and chlorophyll values in both seasons.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- (I3 x F1)e1
- Outcome
- minimum valuese1
- Direction
- minimume1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vegetative growth and nutritional status of “Anna” apple trees”
e1“while the minimum values recorded with (I3 x F1) treatment in both seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend applying 50% cattle or chicken manure plus 50% mineral N under moderate irrigation (I2 x F2 or I2 x F5) to apple growers.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Outcome
- apply 50% cattle or chicken manure + 50% mineral N fertilizer under moderate irrigation regimee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“this study recommended “Anna” apple growers to apply 50% cattle or chicken manure + 50% mineral N fertilizer under moderate irrigation regime in (I2 x F2) or (I2 x F5)”
Claim · model-written summary
The best combination treatments saved irrigation water by 11.73%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Outcome
- saving irrigation watere2
- Value
- 11.73%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“this study recommended “Anna” apple growers to apply 50% cattle or chicken manure + 50% mineral N fertilizer under moderate irrigation regime in (I2 x F2) or (I2 x F5)”
e2“saving irrigation water with 11.73%”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manures may reduce the need for about 50% of mineral N fertilizers in apple production.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Outcome
- need for about 50% of N mineral fertilizerse3
- Value
- about 50%e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“this study recommended “Anna” apple growers to apply 50% cattle or chicken manure + 50% mineral N fertilizer under moderate irrigation regime in (I2 x F2) or (I2 x F5)”
e3“By this treatment organic manures can reduce the need for about 50% of N mineral fertilizers”
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See all 117 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.