Abstract
The herbicide fomesafen has the advantages of low toxicity and high selectivity, and the target of this compound is protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO, EC 1.3.3.4). However, this herbicide has a long residual period and can have phytotoxic effects on succeeding crops. To protect maize from fomesafen, a series of thiazole phenoxypyridines were designed based on structure–activity relationships, active substructure combinations, and bioisosterism. Bioassays showed that thiazole phenoxypyridines could improve maize tolerance under fomesafen toxicity stress to varying degrees at a dose of 10 mg·kg−1. Compound 4i exhibited the best effects. After being treated by compound 4i, average recovery rates of growth index exceeded 72%, glutathione content markedly increased by 167% and glutathione S-transferase activity was almost 163% of fomesafen-treated group. More importantly, after being treated by compound 4i, the activity of PPO, the main target enzyme of fomesafen, recovered to 93% of the control level. The molecular docking result exhibited that the compound 4i could compete with fomesafen to bind with the herbicide target enzyme, which consequently attained the herbicide detoxification. The present work suggests that compound 4i could be developed as a potential safener to protect maize from fomesafen.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Thiazole phenoxypyridines improved maize tolerance under fomesafen toxicity stress to varying degrees at 10 mg/kg.
- Treatment
- thiazole phenoxypyridinese0
- Outcome
- maize tolerance under fomesafen toxicity stresse0
- Direction
- improvee0
- Qualifier
- at a dose of 10 mg·kg−1e0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thiazole phenoxypyridines could improve maize tolerance under fomesafen toxicity stress to varying degrees at a dose of 10 mg·kg−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Compound 4i gave the best protective effects among the tested thiazole phenoxypyridines in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“Compound 4i exhibited the best effects”
Claim · model-written summary
After compound 4i treatment, average recovery rates of the maize growth index exceeded 72%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“After being treated by compound 4i, average recovery rates of growth index exceeded 72%”
Claim · model-written summary
After compound 4i treatment, glutathione content in maize markedly increased by 167%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“After being treated by compound 4i, average recovery rates of growth index exceeded 72%, glutathione content markedly increased by 167%”
Claim · model-written summary
After compound 4i treatment, glutathione S-transferase activity in maize was almost 163% of the fomesafen-treated group.
- Treatment
- compound 4ie0
- Outcome
- glutathione S-transferase activitye0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 163%e0
- Comparator
- fomesafen-treated groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“After being treated by compound 4i, average recovery rates of growth index exceeded 72%, glutathione content markedly increased by 167% and glutathione S-transferase activity was almost 163% of fomesafen-treated group”
Claim · model-written summary
After compound 4i treatment, the activity of PPO, the main target enzyme of fomesafen, recovered to 93% of the control level.
- Treatment
- compound 4ie0
- Gene
- PPOe0
- Outcome
- activity of PPOe0
- Direction
- recoverede0
- Value
- 93%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“after being treated by compound 4i, the activity of PPO, the main target enzyme of fomesafen, recovered to 93% of the control level”
Claim · model-written summary
Molecular docking indicated that compound 4i could compete with fomesafen to bind the herbicide target enzyme, consequently attaining herbicide detoxification.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“The molecular docking result exhibited that the compound 4i could compete with fomesafen to bind with the herbicide target enzyme, which consequently attained the herbicide detoxification”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest compound 4i could be developed as a potential safener to protect maize from fomesafen.
- Outcome
- potential safenere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compound 4i could be developed as a potential safener to protect maize from fomesafen”