Abstract
The rice-wheat cropping system, which is considered as the backbone of food self-sufficiency, is facing a sustainability problem due to practices of modern production system with indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. So, effects of long term use of mineral fertilizers and farmyard manure (FYM) under rice (Oryza sativa)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system in a Mollisol was investigated. Rice and wheat yields were highest (51.47 and 48.60 q ha-1, respectively) with 100% NPK + 15 t FYM ha−1 and lowest in control (13.72 and 11.85 q ha-1, respectively). Balanced fertilizers use of (100% NPK + Zn) was also at par with 100% NPK + FYM treatment in rice and wheat yields. The FYM amended treatment gave the highest and significantly more counts of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in all four depths of soil (0-15cm, 15-30cm, 30-45cm and 45-60cm) as compared to all other treatments after crop harvest. The observed microbial biomass C with 100% NPK + FYM in four soil depths were (413.36, 193.50, 100.11 and 66.41 after rice and 435.93, 235.54, 142.64 and 82.41 µg g-1 after wheat, respectively, which was highest and significantly higher over all other treatments. Soil enzymes dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase and urease activities were significantly higher with 100% NPK + 15 t FYM ha−1 than all the other treatments. Mineral fertilizer treatments with 100% NPK and 150% NPK were comparable and significantly better than application of 50% NPK, 100% N and 100% NP in different soil biological properties. Application of Zn with 100% NPK increased the crop yields and soil biological properties over 100% NPK. Imbalanced use of mineral fertilizers had the harmful effect on soil biological health.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-sa. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield was highest with 100% NPK + 15 t FYM ha-1 and lowest in control.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- 100% NPK + 15 t FYM ha−1e0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 51.47e0
- Qualifier
- 13.72e0
- Comparator
- controle0
- Setting
- Mollisols of Northern Indiat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice-Wheat Sequence on Mollisols of Northern India”
e0“Rice and wheat yields were highest (51.47 and 48.60 q ha-1, respectively) with 100% NPK + 15 t FYM ha−1 and lowest in control (13.72 and 11.85 q ha-1, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yield was highest with 100% NPK + 15 t FYM ha-1 and lowest in control.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- 100% NPK + 15 t FYM ha−1e0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 48.60e0
- Qualifier
- 11.85e0
- Comparator
- controle0
- Setting
- Mollisols of Northern Indiat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice-Wheat Sequence on Mollisols of Northern India”
e0“Rice and wheat yields were highest (51.47 and 48.60 q ha-1, respectively) with 100% NPK + 15 t FYM ha−1 and lowest in control (13.72 and 11.85 q ha-1, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield with 100% NPK + Zn was at par with 100% NPK + FYM.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- 100% NPK + Zne2
- Outcome
- yieldse2
- Direction
- at pare2
- Comparator
- 100% NPK + FYM treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice-Wheat Sequence on Mollisols of Northern India”
e2“Balanced fertilizers use of (100% NPK + Zn) was also at par with 100% NPK + FYM treatment in rice and wheat yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yield with 100% NPK + Zn was at par with 100% NPK + FYM.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 100% NPK + Zne2
- Outcome
- yieldse2
- Direction
- at pare2
- Comparator
- 100% NPK + FYM treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice-Wheat Sequence on Mollisols of Northern India”
e2“Balanced fertilizers use of (100% NPK + Zn) was also at par with 100% NPK + FYM treatment in rice and wheat yields”
Claim · model-written summary
FYM-amended treatment gave the highest counts of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in all four soil depths compared with all other treatments after harvest.
Verbatim
t0“Rice-Wheat Sequence on Mollisols of Northern India”
e1“The FYM amended treatment gave the highest”
e2“counts of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in all four depths of soil (0-15cm, 15-30cm, 30-45cm and 45-60cm) as compared to all other treatments after crop harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice microbial biomass C with 100% NPK + FYM was highest in four soil depths compared with all other treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae5
- Treatment
- 100% NPK + FYMe5
- Outcome
- microbial biomass Ce5
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 413.36, 193.50, 100.11 and 66.41e5
- Qualifier
- four soil depthse5
- Comparator
- all other treatmentse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The observed microbial biomass C with 100% NPK + FYM in four soil depths were (413.36, 193.50, 100.11 and 66.41 after rice”
e6“which was highest”
e7“over all other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat microbial biomass C with 100% NPK + FYM was highest in four soil depths compared with all other treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume4
- Treatment
- 100% NPK + FYMe5
- Outcome
- microbial biomass Ce5
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 435.93, 235.54, 142.64 and 82.41e4
- Qualifier
- four soil depthse5
- Comparator
- all other treatmentse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The observed microbial biomass C with 100% NPK + FYM in four soil depths were (413.36, 193.50, 100.11 and 66.41 after rice”
e6“which was highest”
e7“over all other treatments”
e4“435.93, 235.54, 142.64 and 82.41 µg g-1 after wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were higher with 100% NPK + 15 t FYM than with all other treatments.
Verbatim
t0“Rice-Wheat Sequence on Mollisols of Northern India”
e0“dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase and urease activities”
e1“higher with 100% NPK + 15 t FYM ha−1 than all the other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Urease activity was higher with 100% NPK + 15 t FYM than with all other treatments.
Verbatim
t0“Rice-Wheat Sequence on Mollisols of Northern India”
e0“dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase and urease activities”
e1“higher with 100% NPK + 15 t FYM ha−1 than all the other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
100% NPK and 150% NPK were better than 50% NPK, 100% N and 100% NP for soil biological properties.
Verbatim
t0“Rice-Wheat Sequence on Mollisols of Northern India”
e0“Mineral fertilizer treatments with 100% NPK and 150% NPK were comparable and”
e1“better than application of 50% NPK, 100% N and 100% NP in different soil biological properties”
Claim · model-written summary
100% NPK and 150% NPK were comparable in soil biological properties.
Verbatim
t0“Rice-Wheat Sequence on Mollisols of Northern India”
e0“Mineral fertilizer treatments with 100% NPK and 150% NPK were comparable and”
e1“better than application of 50% NPK, 100% N and 100% NP in different soil biological properties”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn applied with 100% NPK increased crop yields and soil biological properties over 100% NPK.
Verbatim
t0“Rice-Wheat Sequence on Mollisols of Northern India”
e0“Application of Zn with 100% NPK increased the crop yields and soil biological properties over 100% NPK”
Claim · model-written summary
Imbalanced use of mineral fertilizers had a harmful effect on soil biological health.
Verbatim
t0“Rice-Wheat Sequence on Mollisols of Northern India”
e0“Imbalanced use of mineral fertilizers had the harmful effect on soil biological health”
The same questions in other papers
zinc atom · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ
29 papers in the same direction as this paper · 389 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
415 papers more in this group
See all 419 papers →zinc atom · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
54 papers in the same direction as this paper · 456 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
507 papers more in this group
See all 511 papers →fertilization · soil: biology · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
76 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
78 papers more in this group
See all 82 papers →fertilization · soil: biology · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
87 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- negative
95 papers more in this group
See all 99 papers →fertilization · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
3,114 papers in the same direction as this paper · 284 in the opposite direction · 39 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
3,434 papers more in this group
See all 3,438 papers →fertilization · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
3,182 papers in the same direction as this paper · 207 in the opposite direction · 65 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
3,451 papers more in this group
See all 3,455 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.