Abstract
Long-term effects of chemical fertilizers and farmyard manure (FYM) in rice (Oryza sativa)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system were monitored for two consecutive years after 38 and 39 years on productivity and soil biological properties of Mollisols. The study encompasses varying chemical fertilizer levels of optimum fertilizer rate (120, 26 and 37 kg ha−1 N, P and K, respectively) for both the crops. The treatments were application of 50% NPK, 100% NPK, 150% NPK, 100% NPK + hand weeding (HW), 100% NPK + Zn, 100% NP, 100% N, 100% NPK + 15 t FYM ha−1, 100% NPK(-S) and unfertilized control. The rice and wheat yields were highest with 100% NPK + 15 t FYM ha−1. This treatment also gave maximum and significantly more counts of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in soil than all the other treatments after crop harvest. The soil microbial biomass C (410.0 and 407.5 µg g−1) and N (44.53 and 48.30 µg g−1) after rice and wheat, respectively, were highest with 100% NPK + 15 t FYM ha−1, which were significantly higher over all the other treatments. The activities of soil enzymes like dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, arylsulphatase and urease and CO2 evolution rate with 100% NPK + 15 t FYM ha−1 were also found significantly higher over the other treatments. Fertilizer treatments with 100% NPK and 150% NPK were comparable and significantly better than application of 50% NPK, 100% N, 100% NP and 100% NPK(-S) in various studied soil biological properties. Integrated use of 100% NPK with FYM sustained the higher yields and soil biological properties under rice–wheat cropping system in Mollisols. Application of Zn and hand weeding with 100% NPK were found better over 100% NPK alone in rice and wheat productivity. Imbalanced use of chemical fertilizers had the harmful effect on soil biological health.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Rice and wheat yields were highest under NPK plus manure.
- Taxon
- rice and wheat
Oryza sativa
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- 100% NPK + 15 t FYM ha−1e0
- Outcome
- rice and wheat yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rice and wheat yields were highest with 100% NPK + 15 t FYM ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus manure increased soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycete counts relative to other treatments.
- Taxon
- rice and wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- 100% NPK + 15 t FYM ha−1e1
- Outcome
- counts of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in soile0
- Direction
- significantly moree0
- Comparator
- all the other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment also gave maximum and significantly more counts of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in soil than all the other treatments after crop harvest”
e1“The rice and wheat yields were highest with 100% NPK + 15 t FYM ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil microbial biomass C was highest under NPK plus manure.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 100% NPK + 15 t FYM ha−1e0
- Outcome
- soil microbial biomass Ce0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 410.0 and 407.5 µg g−1e0
- Comparator
- all the other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soil microbial biomass C (410.0 and 407.5 µg g−1) and N (44.53 and 48.30 µg g−1) after rice and wheat, respectively, were highest with 100% NPK + 15 t FYM ha−1, which were significantly higher over all the other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil microbial biomass N was highest under NPK plus manure.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 100% NPK + 15 t FYM ha−1e0
- Outcome
- Ne0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 44.53 and 48.30 µg g−1e0
- Comparator
- all the other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soil microbial biomass C (410.0 and 407.5 µg g−1) and N (44.53 and 48.30 µg g−1) after rice and wheat, respectively, were highest with 100% NPK + 15 t FYM ha−1, which were significantly higher over all the other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil enzyme activities and CO2 evolution were higher with NPK plus manure.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)–wheat (Triticum aestivum)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100% NPK + 15 t FYM ha−1e0
- Outcome
- activities of soil enzymes like dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, arylsulphatase and urease and CO2 evolution ratee0
- Direction
- significantly highere0
- Comparator
- the other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activities of soil enzymes like dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, arylsulphatase and urease and CO2 evolution rate with 100% NPK + 15 t FYM ha−1 were also found significantly higher over the other treatments”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)–wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Full and 150% NPK were comparable and better than lower or imbalanced fertilizer treatments for soil biological properties.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)–wheat (Triticum aestivum)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100% NPK and 150% NPKe0
- Outcome
- soil biological propertiese0
- Direction
- significantly bettere0
- Comparator
- 50% NPK, 100% N, 100% NP and 100% NPK(-S)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fertilizer treatments with 100% NPK and 150% NPK were comparable and significantly better than application of 50% NPK, 100% N, 100% NP and 100% NPK(-S) in various studied soil biological properties”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)–wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding Zn and hand weeding to full NPK improved rice and wheat productivity.
- Taxon
- rice and wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Zn and hand weeding with 100% NPKe0
- Outcome
- rice and wheat productivitye0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- 100% NPK alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of Zn and hand weeding with 100% NPK were found better over 100% NPK alone in rice and wheat productivity”
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See all 3,438 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.