Abstract
Ammonium (NH4+) phytotoxicity is a worldwide phenomenon, but the primary toxic mechanisms are still controversial. In the present study, we investigated the physiological function of gibberellins (GAs) in the response of rice plants to NH4+ toxicity and polyamine accumulation using GA biosynthesis-related rice mutants. Exposure to NH4+ significantly decreased GA4 production in shoots of wild-type (WT) plants. Both exogenous GA application to the WT and increases in endogenous GA levels in eui1 mutants rendered them more sensitive to NH4+ toxicity. In contrast, growth of sd1 GA-deficient mutants was more tolerant to NH4+ toxicity than that of their WT counterparts. The role of polyamines in GA-mediated NH4+ toxicity was evaluated using WT rice plants and their GA-related mutants. The eui1 mutants with GA overproduction displayed a higher endogenous putrescine (Put) accumulation than WT plants, leading to an enhanced Put/[spermidine (Spd)+spermine (Spm)] ratio in their shoots. In contrast, mutation of the SD1 gene encoding a defective enzyme in GA biosynthesis resulted in a significant increase in Spd and Spm production, and reduction in the Put/(Spd+Spm) ratio when exposed to a high NH4+ medium. Exogenous application of Put exacerbated symptoms associated with NH4+ toxicity in rice shoots, while the symptoms were alleviated by an inhibitor of Put biosynthesis. These findings highlight the involvement of GAs in NH4+ toxicity, and that GA-induced Put accumulation is responsible for the increased sensitivity to NH4+ toxicity in rice plants.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
NH4+ exposure significantly decreased shoot GA4 production in wild-type rice.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- NH4+e0
- Outcome
- GA4 productione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to NH4+ significantly decreased GA4 production in shoots of wild-type (WT) plants”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GA application increased wild-type rice sensitivity to NH4+ toxicity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- exogenous GA applicatione0
- Outcome
- sensitive to NH4+ toxicitye0
- Direction
- more sensitivee0
- Comparator
- WTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both exogenous GA application to the WT and increases in endogenous GA levels in eui1 mutants rendered them more sensitive to NH4+ toxicity”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased endogenous GA levels in eui1 mutants made them more sensitive to NH4+ toxicity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- eui1 mutantse0
- Compound
- GAe0
- Outcome
- sensitive to NH4+ toxicitye0
- Direction
- more sensitivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases in endogenous GA levels in eui1 mutants rendered them more sensitive to NH4+ toxicity”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth of sd1 GA-deficient mutants was more tolerant of NH4+ toxicity than wild-type counterparts.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- sd1 GA-deficient mutantse0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- more tolerante0
- Comparator
- their WT counterpartse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth of sd1 GA-deficient mutants was more tolerant to NH4+ toxicity than that of their WT counterparts”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
GA-overproducing eui1 mutants accumulated more endogenous putrescine than wild-type plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- eui1 mutantse0
- Outcome
- endogenous putrescine (Put) accumulatione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- WT plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The eui1 mutants with GA overproduction displayed a higher endogenous putrescine (Put) accumulation than WT plants”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The eui1 mutants had an enhanced shoot Put/[Spd+Spm] ratio.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- eui1 mutantse1
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Outcome
- Put/[spermidine (Spd)+spermine (Spm)] ratioe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leading to an enhanced Put/[spermidine (Spd)+spermine (Spm)] ratio in their shoots”
e1“The eui1 mutants with GA overproduction displayed a higher endogenous putrescine (Put) accumulation than WT plants”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SD1 mutation significantly increased Spd and Spm production under high NH4+.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- mutation of the SD1 genee0
- Gene
- SD1e0
- Outcome
- Spd and Spm productione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- a high NH4+ mediume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mutation of the SD1 gene encoding a defective enzyme in GA biosynthesis resulted in a significant increase in Spd and Spm production, and reduction in the Put/(Spd+Spm) ratio when exposed to a high NH4+ medium”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SD1 mutation reduced the Put/(Spd+Spm) ratio under high NH4+.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- mutation of the SD1 genee0
- Gene
- SD1e0
- Outcome
- Put/(Spd+Spm) ratioe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- a high NH4+ mediume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mutation of the SD1 gene encoding a defective enzyme in GA biosynthesis resulted in a significant increase in Spd and Spm production, and reduction in the Put/(Spd+Spm) ratio when exposed to a high NH4+ medium”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied putrescine exacerbated NH4+ toxicity symptoms in rice shoots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- Exogenous application of Pute0
- Outcome
- symptoms associated with NH4+ toxicitye0
- Direction
- exacerbatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous application of Put exacerbated symptoms associated with NH4+ toxicity in rice shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
A putrescine biosynthesis inhibitor alleviated NH4+ toxicity symptoms in rice shoots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- an inhibitor of Put biosynthesise0
- Outcome
- symptomse0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the symptoms were alleviated by an inhibitor of Put biosynthesis”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute increased NH4+ sensitivity to GA-induced putrescine accumulation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Compound
- GA-induced Put accumulatione0
- Outcome
- increased sensitivity to NH4+ toxicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA-induced Put accumulation is responsible for the increased sensitivity to NH4+ toxicity in rice plants”
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See all 134 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.