Abstract
Durum wheat has a comparative adaptive advantage over bread wheat under hot and dry conditions. Accordingly, it feeds millions of people in the Middle East and North Africa. Under these conditions, the deficiency of nutrients, including micronutrients, is a major concern for many reasons, including calcareous soil under drought stress conditions. Therefore, growth, yield, iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration in durum wheat cultivar grains were investigated. A factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in the Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI) - Moghan. The first factor comprised spraying at four levels, including the control and foliar spraying with Fe, Zn, and Fe+Zn and the second factor consisted of genotypes at four levels: Dehdasht (G1), Seymareh (G2), and two new genotypes (G3 and G4). Solutions of Fe and Zn fertilizers were sprayed at the tillering, early ear emergence, and milk stages, with a ratio of 2 and 1.5 g fertilizer/1000 ml solution (W/V), respectively. The results showed that genotypes G1, G3 and G4 produced higher grain yield per square meter than G2. This increase was due to the higher weight of 1000 grains in G3 and G4 genotypes and 1000-grain weight with a higher grain number in G1. G1 and G2 had greater spike length, number of grains per spike and spikelet than G3 and G4 genotypes. In all studied traits, except Fe and Zn concentration, the combination of Fe+Zn showed the highest and control had the lowest performance. Also, the application of Zn was superior to Fe. The highest Fe concentration of G1, G2, G3, and G4 was observed at Fe+Zn, control, Zn, and Fe levels, respectively. The highest Zn concentrations were observed in the G3 genotype when only Zn was used or in combination with Fe. According to the results, the Fe and Zn spray application increased durum wheat yield on Fe and Zn deficient soil.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
G1, G3 and G4 had higher grain yield per square meter than G2.
- Taxon
- durum wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durume1 - Material
- G1, G3 and G4e0
- Outcome
- grain yield per square metere0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- G2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“genotypes G1, G3 and G4 produced higher grain yield per square meter than G2”
e1“durum wheat cultivar grains”
Claim · model-written summary
G3 and G4 had higher 1000-grain weight, accounting for their yield advantage.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Material
- G3 and G4e0
- Outcome
- weight of 1000 grainse0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher weight of 1000 grains in G3 and G4 genotypes”
e1“durum wheat cultivar grains”
Claim · model-written summary
G1 had higher 1000-grain weight and grain number, accounting for its yield advantage.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Material
- G1e0
- Outcome
- 1000-grain weight with a higher grain numbere0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1000-grain weight with a higher grain number in G1”
e1“durum wheat cultivar grains”
Claim · model-written summary
G1 and G2 had greater spike length, grains per spike, and spikelet number than G3 and G4.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Material
- G1 and G2e0
- Outcome
- spike length, number of grains per spike and spikelete0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- G3 and G4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“G1 and G2 had greater spike length, number of grains per spike and spikelet than G3 and G4 genotypes”
e1“durum wheat cultivar grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe+Zn produced the highest performance for studied traits other than grain Fe and Zn concentration; control was lowest.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Treatment
- Fe+Zne0
- Outcome
- all studied traits, except Fe and Zn concentratione0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In all studied traits, except Fe and Zn concentration, the combination of Fe+Zn showed the highest and control had the lowest performance”
e1“durum wheat cultivar grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn application was superior to Fe application.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Treatment
- Zne0
- Outcome
- superiore0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- Fee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of Zn was superior to Fe”
e1“durum wheat cultivar grains”
Claim · model-written summary
G1 had its highest Fe concentration with Fe+Zn.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Material
- G1e0
- Treatment
- Fe+Zne0
- Outcome
- Fe concentratione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest Fe concentration of G1, G2, G3, and G4 was observed at Fe+Zn, control, Zn, and Fe levels, respectively”
e1“durum wheat cultivar grains”
Claim · model-written summary
G2 had its highest Fe concentration in the control.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Material
- G2e0
- Treatment
- controle0
- Outcome
- Fe concentratione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest Fe concentration of G1, G2, G3, and G4 was observed at Fe+Zn, control, Zn, and Fe levels, respectively”
e1“durum wheat cultivar grains”
Claim · model-written summary
G3 had its highest Fe concentration with Zn application.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Material
- G3e0
- Treatment
- Zne0
- Outcome
- Fe concentratione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest Fe concentration of G1, G2, G3, and G4 was observed at Fe+Zn, control, Zn, and Fe levels, respectively”
e1“durum wheat cultivar grains”
Claim · model-written summary
G4 had its highest Fe concentration with Fe application.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Material
- G4e0
- Treatment
- Fee0
- Outcome
- Fe concentratione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest Fe concentration of G1, G2, G3, and G4 was observed at Fe+Zn, control, Zn, and Fe levels, respectively”
e1“durum wheat cultivar grains”
Claim · model-written summary
G3 had the highest Zn concentration when Zn alone was applied.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Material
- G3e0
- Treatment
- Zne0
- Outcome
- Zn concentrationse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest Zn concentrations were observed in the G3 genotype when only Zn was used or in combination with Fe”
e1“durum wheat cultivar grains”
Claim · model-written summary
G3 had the highest Zn concentration when Zn and Fe were combined.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Material
- G3e0
- Treatment
- Zn was used or in combination with Fee0
- Outcome
- Zn concentrationse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest Zn concentrations were observed in the G3 genotype when only Zn was used or in combination with Fe”
e1“durum wheat cultivar grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe and Zn spray increased durum wheat yield on Fe- and Zn-deficient soil.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- Fe and Zn spray applicatione0
- Outcome
- durum wheat yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- Fe and Zn deficient soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe and Zn spray application increased durum wheat yield on Fe and Zn deficient soil”
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