Abstract
In recent years, increasing water and labor scarcity & production cost, decreasing farm profitability and climatechange- induced variability are major challenges faced by the farmers of Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) in South Asia. Conservation agriculture (CA) based best-bet crop management practices may increase crop productivity, profitability and conserve the natural resources. In a 2-year (2012-2014) study, we assessed the effects of six combinations of tillage and crop establishment (TCE) and residue management options on crop & water productivity, profitability and soil thermal and moisture regimes in maize (Zea mays)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (MW) and maize-chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (MC) rotations in Western IGP of India. The treatments consisted of both crops sown on permanent raised beds with residue (PB+R) and without residue (PB-R); zero tilled flat with residue (ZT+R) and without residue (ZT-R) and conventional tilled flat with residue (CT+R) and without residue (CT-R). Overall, 2-year mean maize, wheat and chickpea grain/seed yield was found to be 17.0-23.2, 20.8-24.8 and 22-31.7% higher under CA-based PB+R/ZT+R than CT-R, but it was 5.3-10.9, 4.9-8.4 and 13.8-22.8% higher than CT+R, respectively. The yield of maize, wheat and chickpea was significantly (P<0.05) higher in CA-based PB+R and ZT+R systems compared to CT-R right from first year onwards. The MW and MC, 2-year mean system productivity (based on maize equivalent yield- MEY) was higher by 21.1-21.9 and 18.7-27.5% in CA-based systems (PB+R & ZT+R) than in the CT-R, respectively. CA-based PB+R and ZT+R practices reduced the total system water use in MW and MC rotations by 75-112 mm and 55-90 mm and resulted enhanced system water productivity (WP) compared to CT-R system. Irrespective of crop rotations and TCE practices residue management treatments enhances the soil moisture (in the range of 14.5 to 30.4% during winter and monsoon seasons) and also moderates the soil temperatures. Economic profit for MW and MC rotations was always significantly (P<0.05) higher (168-445 and 215-619 US$/ha/year) in CA-based systems than in CT-R. Findings of our study shows that MW and MC rotations under CA-based system is one of the way for improving crop productivity, WP and farm income with less risk of extreme temperature and moisture stress while sustaining the natural resources in Western IGP of India and other similar agro-ecologies of South Asia.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Two-year mean maize grain/seed yield was higher by 17.0-23.2 under CA-based PB+R/ZT+R than under CT-R.
- Treatment
- CA-based PB+R/ZT+Re1
- Outcome
- grain/seed yielde1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 17.0-23.2e1
- Qualifier
- 2-year meane1
- Comparator
- CT-Re1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“2-year mean maize, wheat and chickpea grain/seed yield was found to be 17.0-23.2, 20.8-24.8 and 22-31.7% higher under CA-based PB+R/ZT+R than CT-R, but it was 5.3-10.9, 4.9-8.4 and 13.8-22.8% higher than CT+R, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Two-year mean wheat grain/seed yield was higher by 20.8-24.8 under CA-based PB+R/ZT+R than under CT-R.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- CA-based PB+R/ZT+Re1
- Outcome
- grain/seed yielde1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 20.8-24.8e1
- Qualifier
- 2-year meane1
- Comparator
- CT-Re1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“2-year mean maize, wheat and chickpea grain/seed yield was found to be 17.0-23.2, 20.8-24.8 and 22-31.7% higher under CA-based PB+R/ZT+R than CT-R, but it was 5.3-10.9, 4.9-8.4 and 13.8-22.8% higher than CT+R, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Two-year mean chickpea grain/seed yield was higher by 22-31.7% under CA-based PB+R/ZT+R than under CT-R.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinume1 - Treatment
- CA-based PB+R/ZT+Re1
- Outcome
- grain/seed yielde1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 22-31.7%e1
- Qualifier
- 2-year meane1
- Comparator
- CT-Re1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“2-year mean maize, wheat and chickpea grain/seed yield was found to be 17.0-23.2, 20.8-24.8 and 22-31.7% higher under CA-based PB+R/ZT+R than CT-R, but it was 5.3-10.9, 4.9-8.4 and 13.8-22.8% higher than CT+R, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Two-year mean maize grain/seed yield was higher by 5.3-10.9 under CA-based PB+R/ZT+R than under CT+R.
- Treatment
- CA-based PB+R/ZT+Re1
- Outcome
- grain/seed yielde1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 5.3-10.9e1
- Qualifier
- 2-year meane1
- Comparator
- CT+Re1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“2-year mean maize, wheat and chickpea grain/seed yield was found to be 17.0-23.2, 20.8-24.8 and 22-31.7% higher under CA-based PB+R/ZT+R than CT-R, but it was 5.3-10.9, 4.9-8.4 and 13.8-22.8% higher than CT+R, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Two-year mean wheat grain/seed yield was higher by 4.9-8.4 under CA-based PB+R/ZT+R than under CT+R.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- CA-based PB+R/ZT+Re1
- Outcome
- grain/seed yielde1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 4.9-8.4e1
- Qualifier
- 2-year meane1
- Comparator
- CT+Re1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“2-year mean maize, wheat and chickpea grain/seed yield was found to be 17.0-23.2, 20.8-24.8 and 22-31.7% higher under CA-based PB+R/ZT+R than CT-R, but it was 5.3-10.9, 4.9-8.4 and 13.8-22.8% higher than CT+R, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Two-year mean chickpea grain/seed yield was higher by 13.8-22.8% under CA-based PB+R/ZT+R than under CT+R.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- CA-based PB+R/ZT+Re1
- Outcome
- grain/seed yielde1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 13.8-22.8%e1
- Qualifier
- 2-year meane1
- Comparator
- CT+Re1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“2-year mean maize, wheat and chickpea grain/seed yield was found to be 17.0-23.2, 20.8-24.8 and 22-31.7% higher under CA-based PB+R/ZT+R than CT-R, but it was 5.3-10.9, 4.9-8.4 and 13.8-22.8% higher than CT+R, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The yield of maize was significantly (P<0.05) higher in CA-based PB+R and ZT+R systems than in CT-R from the first year onwards.
- Treatment
- CA-based PB+R and ZT+R systemse1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- right from first year onwardse1
- Comparator
- CT-Re1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The yield of maize, wheat and chickpea was significantly (P<0.05) higher in CA-based PB+R and ZT+R systems compared to CT-R right from first year onwards”
Claim · model-written summary
The yield of wheat was significantly (P<0.05) higher in CA-based PB+R and ZT+R systems than in CT-R from the first year onwards.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- CA-based PB+R and ZT+R systemse1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- right from first year onwardse1
- Comparator
- CT-Re1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The yield of maize, wheat and chickpea was significantly (P<0.05) higher in CA-based PB+R and ZT+R systems compared to CT-R right from first year onwards”
Claim · model-written summary
The yield of chickpea was significantly (P<0.05) higher in CA-based PB+R and ZT+R systems than in CT-R from the first year onwards.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- CA-based PB+R and ZT+R systemse1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- right from first year onwardse1
- Comparator
- CT-Re1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The yield of maize, wheat and chickpea was significantly (P<0.05) higher in CA-based PB+R and ZT+R systems compared to CT-R right from first year onwards”
Claim · model-written summary
Two-year mean system productivity of the maize-wheat rotation (maize equivalent yield) was higher by 21.1-21.9% in CA-based systems (PB+R & ZT+R) than in CT-R.
- Treatment
- CA-based systems (PB+R & ZT+R)e1
- Outcome
- system productivitye1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 21.1-21.9e1
- Comparator
- CT-Re1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize (Zea mays)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (MW) and maize-chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (MC) rotations”
e1“The MW and MC, 2-year mean system productivity (based on maize equivalent yield- MEY) was higher by 21.1-21.9 and 18.7-27.5% in CA-based systems (PB+R & ZT+R) than in the CT-R, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Two-year mean system productivity of the maize-chickpea rotation (maize equivalent yield) was higher by 18.7-27.5% in CA-based systems (PB+R & ZT+R) than in CT-R.
- Taxon
- maize-chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)Cicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- CA-based systems (PB+R & ZT+R)e1
- Outcome
- system productivitye1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 18.7-27.5%e1
- Comparator
- CT-Re1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize (Zea mays)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (MW) and maize-chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (MC) rotations”
e1“The MW and MC, 2-year mean system productivity (based on maize equivalent yield- MEY) was higher by 21.1-21.9 and 18.7-27.5% in CA-based systems (PB+R & ZT+R) than in the CT-R, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
CA-based PB+R and ZT+R practices reduced total system water use in the maize-wheat rotation by 75-112 mm compared with CT-R.
- Treatment
- CA-based PB+R and ZT+R practicese1
- Outcome
- total system water usee1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 75-112 mme1
- Comparator
- CT-Re1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize (Zea mays)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (MW) and maize-chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (MC) rotations”
e1“CA-based PB+R and ZT+R practices reduced the total system water use in MW and MC rotations by 75-112 mm and 55-90 mm and resulted enhanced system water productivity (WP) compared to CT-R system”
Claim · model-written summary
CA-based PB+R and ZT+R practices reduced total system water use in the maize-chickpea rotation by 55-90 mm compared with CT-R.
- Taxon
- maize-chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)Cicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- CA-based PB+R and ZT+R practicese1
- Outcome
- total system water usee1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 55-90 mme1
- Comparator
- CT-Re1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize (Zea mays)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (MW) and maize-chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (MC) rotations”
e1“CA-based PB+R and ZT+R practices reduced the total system water use in MW and MC rotations by 75-112 mm and 55-90 mm and resulted enhanced system water productivity (WP) compared to CT-R system”
Claim · model-written summary
CA-based PB+R and ZT+R practices enhanced system water productivity in the maize-wheat and maize-chickpea rotations compared with CT-R.
Verbatim
e1“CA-based PB+R and ZT+R practices reduced the total system water use in MW and MC rotations by 75-112 mm and 55-90 mm and resulted enhanced system water productivity (WP) compared to CT-R system”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue management treatments enhanced soil moisture by 14.5 to 30.4% during winter and monsoon seasons, irrespective of crop rotation and tillage and establishment practice.
- Taxon
- maize (Zea mays)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (MW) and maize-chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (MC)Cicer arietinum
Zea mayse0 - Treatment
- residue management treatmentse1
- Outcome
- soil moisturee1
- Direction
- enhancese1
- Value
- 14.5 to 30.4%e1
- Qualifier
- during winter and monsoon seasonse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize (Zea mays)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (MW) and maize-chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (MC) rotations”
e1“Irrespective of crop rotations and TCE practices residue management treatments enhances the soil moisture (in the range of 14.5 to 30.4% during winter and monsoon seasons) and also moderates the soil temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue management treatments also moderated soil temperatures, irrespective of crop rotation and tillage and establishment practice.
- Taxon
- maize (Zea mays)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (MW) and maize-chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (MC)Cicer arietinumZea mayse0
- Treatment
- residue management treatmentse1
- Outcome
- soil temperaturese1
- Direction
- moderatese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize (Zea mays)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (MW) and maize-chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (MC) rotations”
e1“Irrespective of crop rotations and TCE practices residue management treatments enhances the soil moisture (in the range of 14.5 to 30.4% during winter and monsoon seasons) and also moderates the soil temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Economic profit of the maize-wheat rotation was always significantly (P<0.05) higher, by 168-445 US$/ha/year, in CA-based systems than in CT-R.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize (Zea mays)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (MW) and maize-chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (MC) rotations”
e1“Economic profit for MW and MC rotations was always significantly (P<0.05) higher (168-445 and 215-619 US$/ha/year) in CA-based systems than in CT-R”
Claim · model-written summary
Economic profit of the maize-chickpea rotation was always significantly (P<0.05) higher, by 215-619 US$/ha/year, in CA-based systems than in CT-R.
- Taxon
- maize-chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)Cicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- CA-based systemse1
- Outcome
- Economic profite1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 215-619 US$/ha/yeare1
- Comparator
- CT-Re1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize (Zea mays)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (MW) and maize-chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (MC) rotations”
e1“Economic profit for MW and MC rotations was always significantly (P<0.05) higher (168-445 and 215-619 US$/ha/year) in CA-based systems than in CT-R”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that maize-wheat and maize-chickpea rotations under a CA-based system are one way to improve crop productivity, water productivity and farm income with less risk of extreme temperature and moisture stress while sustaining natural resources.
Verbatim
e1“MW and MC rotations under CA-based system is one of the way for improving crop productivity, WP and farm income with less risk of extreme temperature and moisture stress while sustaining the natural resources”
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