Abstract
Abstract Pearlmillet-chickpea cropping system (PCCS) is emerging as an important sequence in semi-arid regions of south-Asia owing to less water-requirement. However, chickpea (dry-season crop) faces comparatively acute soil moisture-deficit over pearlmillet (wet-season crop), limiting overall sustainability of PCCS. Hence, moisture-management (specifically in chickpea) and system intensification is highly essential for sustaining the PCCS in holistic manner. Since, conservation agriculture (CA) has emerged is an important climate-smart strategy to combat moisture-stress alongwith other production-vulnerabilities. Hence, current study comprised of three tillage systems in main-plots viz., Complete-CA with residue retention (CA c ), Partial-CA without residue-retention (CA p ), and Conventional-tillage (ConvTill) under three cropping systems in sub-plots viz., conventionally grown pearlmillet-chickpea cropping system (PCCS) alongwith two intensified systems i.e. pearlmillet-chickpea-fodder pearlmillet cropping system (PCFCS) and pearlmillet-chickpea-mungbean cropping system (PCMCS) in split-plot design. The investigation outcomes mainly focused on chickpea (dry-season crop) revealed that, on an average, there was a significant increase in chickpea grain yield under CA c to the tune of 27, 23.5 and 28.5% under PCCS, PCFCS and PCMCS, respectively over ConvTill. NPK uptake and micronutrient (Fe and Zn) biofortification in chickpea grains were again significantly higher under triple zero-tilled CA c plots with residue-retention; which was followed by triple zero-tilled CA p plots without residue-retention and the ConvTill plots. Likewise, CA c under PCMCS led to an increase in relative leaf water (RLW) content in chickpea by ~ 20.8% over ConvTill under PCCS, hence, ameliorating the moisture-stress effects. Interestingly, CA-management and system-intensification significantly enhanced the plant biochemical properties in chickpea viz ., super-oxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and glutathione reductase; thus, indicating their prime role in inducing moisture-stress tolerance ability in moisture-starved chickpea. Triple zero-tilled CA c plots also reduced the N 2 O fluxes in chickpea but with slightly higher CO 2 emissions, however, curtailed the net GHG-emissions. Triple zero-tilled cropping systems (PCFCS and PCMCS) both under CA c and Ca p led to a significant improvement in soil microbial population and soil enzymes activities (alkaline phosphatase, fluorescein diacetate, dehydrogenase). Overall, the PCCS system-intensification with mungbean (PCMCS) alongwith triple zero-tillage with residue-retention (CA c ) may amply enhance the productivity, micronutrient biofortification and moisture-stress tolerance ability in chickpea besides propelling the ecological benefits under semi-arid agro-ecologies. However, the farmers should preserve a balance while adopting CA c or CA p where livestock equally competes for quality fodder.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
CA c raised chickpea grain yield 27% under PCCS over conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinume0 - Treatment
- CA ce0
- Outcome
- chickpea grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 27e0
- Qualifier
- PCCSe0
- Comparator
- ConvTille0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant increase in chickpea grain yield under CA c to the tune of 27, 23.5 and 28.5% under PCCS, PCFCS and PCMCS, respectively over ConvTill”
Claim · model-written summary
CA c raised chickpea grain yield 23.5% under PCFCS over conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- CA ce0
- Outcome
- chickpea grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 23.5e0
- Qualifier
- PCFCSe0
- Comparator
- ConvTille0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant increase in chickpea grain yield under CA c to the tune of 27, 23.5 and 28.5% under PCCS, PCFCS and PCMCS, respectively over ConvTill”
Claim · model-written summary
CA c raised chickpea grain yield 28.5% under PCMCS over conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- CA ce0
- Outcome
- chickpea grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 28.5%e0
- Qualifier
- PCMCSe0
- Comparator
- ConvTille0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant increase in chickpea grain yield under CA c to the tune of 27, 23.5 and 28.5% under PCCS, PCFCS and PCMCS, respectively over ConvTill”
Claim · model-written summary
CA c increased chickpea NPK uptake.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- triple zero-tilled CA c plots with residue-retentione0
- Outcome
- NPK uptakee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- ConvTill plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPK uptake and micronutrient (Fe and Zn) biofortification in chickpea grains were again significantly higher under triple zero-tilled CA c plots with residue-retention; which was followed by triple zero-tilled CA p plots without residue-retention and the ConvTill plots”
Claim · model-written summary
CA c increased Fe and Zn biofortification in chickpea grain.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- triple zero-tilled CA c plots with residue-retentione0
- Outcome
- micronutrient (Fe and Zn) biofortification in chickpea grainse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- ConvTill plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPK uptake and micronutrient (Fe and Zn) biofortification in chickpea grains were again significantly higher under triple zero-tilled CA c plots with residue-retention; which was followed by triple zero-tilled CA p plots without residue-retention and the ConvTill plots”
Claim · model-written summary
CA c in PCMCS raised chickpea relative leaf water content about 20.8% over ConvTill in PCCS.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- CA c under PCMCSe0
- Outcome
- relative leaf water (RLW) contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- ~ 20.8%e0
- Comparator
- ConvTill under PCCSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CA c under PCMCS led to an increase in relative leaf water (RLW) content in chickpea by ~ 20.8% over ConvTill under PCCS”
Claim · model-written summary
CA management and system intensification enhanced four biochemical enzyme properties in chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- CA-management and system-intensificatione0
- Outcome
- super-oxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and glutathione reductasee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CA-management and system-intensification significantly enhanced the plant biochemical properties in chickpea viz ., super-oxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and glutathione reductase”
Claim · model-written summary
Triple zero-tilled CA c reduced N2O fluxes in chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- Triple zero-tilled CA c plotse0
- Outcome
- N 2 O fluxese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Triple zero-tilled CA c plots also reduced the N 2 O fluxes in chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Triple zero-tilled CA c raised CO2 emissions slightly.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- Triple zero-tilled CA c plotse0
- Outcome
- CO 2 emissionse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Triple zero-tilled CA c plots also reduced the N 2 O fluxes in chickpea but with slightly higher CO 2 emissions”
Claim · model-written summary
Triple zero-tilled CA c curtailed net greenhouse-gas emissions.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- Triple zero-tilled CA c plotse0
- Outcome
- net GHG-emissionse0
- Direction
- curtailede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Triple zero-tilled CA c plots also reduced the N 2 O fluxes in chickpea but with slightly higher CO 2 emissions, however, curtailed the net GHG-emissions”
Claim · model-written summary
Triple zero-tilled PCFCS and PCMCS improved soil microbial populations.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- PCFCS and PCMCSe0
- Outcome
- soil microbial populatione0
- Direction
- improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Triple zero-tilled cropping systems (PCFCS and PCMCS) both under CA c and Ca p led to a significant improvement in soil microbial population and soil enzymes activities (alkaline phosphatase, fluorescein diacetate, dehydrogenase)”
t0“ability in chickpea in a pearlmillet-chickpea cropping system of semi-arid climate”
Claim · model-written summary
Triple zero-tilled PCFCS and PCMCS improved soil enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- PCFCS and PCMCSe0
- Outcome
- soil enzymes activitiese0
- Direction
- improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Triple zero-tilled cropping systems (PCFCS and PCMCS) both under CA c and Ca p led to a significant improvement in soil microbial population and soil enzymes activities (alkaline phosphatase, fluorescein diacetate, dehydrogenase)”
t0“ability in chickpea in a pearlmillet-chickpea cropping system of semi-arid climate”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend PCMCS with CA c for chickpea productivity, biofortification, and moisture tolerance.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- triple zero-tillage with residue-retention (CA c )e0
- Outcome
- productivity, micronutrient biofortification and moisture-stress tolerance abilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PCMCS) alongwith triple zero-tillage with residue-retention (CA c ) may amply enhance the productivity, micronutrient biofortification and moisture-stress tolerance ability in chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmers should balance CA c and CA p adoption where livestock competes for fodder.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- preserve a balance while adopting CA c or CA pe0
- Qualifier
- livestock equally competes for quality foddere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“farmers should preserve a balance while adopting CA c or CA p where livestock equally competes for quality fodder”
t0“ability in chickpea in a pearlmillet-chickpea cropping system of semi-arid climate”
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