Abstract
Although the ecological function of dark septate endophytes (DSEs) is well studied, little is known about the host plant responses to DSEs obtained from other plants, especially under conditions of heavy metal stress. This study aimed to investigate how DSEs from heavy metal habitat affect non-host plants in cadmium (Cd) stress soils, which then provide basis for the application of DSEs in the cultivation of different plants and soil remediation strategies for polluted ecosystems. We isolated and identified two species of DSE (Acrocalymma vagum and Scytalidium lignicola) inhabiting the roots of Ilex chinensis (host plant) grown in metal-polluted habitats. Then, the Cd-stress tolerance of the DSEs was tested using a pure Cd concentration adjusted culture. Subsequently, we examined the performance of non-host plants (Medicago sativa and Ammopiptanthus mongolicus) inoculated with DSEs under Cd stress in a growth chamber. The results indicated that two DSEs could grow under Cd stress in vitro, even when not exhibiting high levels of tolerance to Cd. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), soluble protein, and melanin of DSE fungi reached maximal levels at concentrations of 30–60 mg Cd/L, indicating the important preventive strategies adopted by DSE fungi in environments contaminated by Cd. Despite a decreased biomass of DSE hyphae with enhanced Cd concentrations, the accumulation of Cd in DSE hyphae tended to shown an increasing trend. Both DSEs were effective colonizers of the non-host plants. A. vagum and S. lignicola inoculation significantly promoted the biomass and root architecture of the two non-host plants under Cd stress. A. vagum inoculation increased the total nitrogen of A. mongolicus, whereas inoculation with S. lignicola significantly increased the organic carbon of M. sativa. In particular, DSEs inoculation significantly improved the accumulation of Cd in plant tissues under Cd stress, demonstrating a potential application in the bio-remediation of heavy metal pollution areas. Our findings suggest that DSE inoculation improved the root growth and nutrient absorption of non-host plants, altered the soil Cd concentration, and facilitated plant growth and survival under Cd stress. These results contribute to better understanding DSE-plant interactions in habitats contaminated by heavy metals.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
The two endophytes grew under Cd stress in vitro without high Cd tolerance.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativa
Medicago sativat0 - Interactor
- DSEse0symbiont
- Outcome
- DSEs could grow under Cd stress in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two DSEs could grow under Cd stress in vitro, even when not exhibiting high levels of tolerance to Cd”
t0“Medicago sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
DSE superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde and glutathione peaked at 30–60 mg Cd/L.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativat0
- Interactor
- DSE fungie0symbiont
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH)e0
- Direction
- maximale0
- Value
- 30–60 mg Cd/Le0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), soluble protein, and melanin of DSE fungi reached maximal levels at concentrations of 30–60 mg Cd/L”
t0“Medicago sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
DSE soluble protein and melanin peaked at 30–60 mg Cd/L.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativat0
- Interactor
- DSE fungie0symbiont
- Outcome
- soluble protein, and melanin of DSE fungie0
- Direction
- maximale0
- Value
- 30–60 mg Cd/Le0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soluble protein, and melanin of DSE fungi reached maximal levels at concentrations of 30–60 mg Cd/L”
t0“Medicago sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
DSE hyphal biomass decreased as Cd concentration increased.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- enhanced Cd concentrationse0
- Interactor
- DSEe0symbiont
- Outcome
- biomass of DSE hyphaee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a decreased biomass of DSE hyphae with enhanced Cd concentrations”
t0“Medicago sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd accumulation in DSE hyphae increased with Cd concentration.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativat0
- Interactor
- DSEe0symbiont
- Outcome
- accumulation of Cd in DSE hyphaee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the accumulation of Cd in DSE hyphae tended to shown an increasing trend”
t0“Medicago sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Both DSEs colonized Medicago sativa.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativat0
- Interactor
- DSEse0symbiont
- Outcome
- effective colonizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both DSEs were effective colonizers of the non-host plants”
t0“Medicago sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Both DSEs colonized Ammopiptanthus mongolicus.
- Taxon
- Ammopiptanthus mongolicus
Ammopiptanthus mongolicust0 - Interactor
- DSEse0symbiont
- Outcome
- effective colonizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both DSEs were effective colonizers of the non-host plants”
t0“Ammopiptanthus mongolicus”
Claim · model-written summary
A. vagum inoculation promoted biomass and root architecture of both non-host plants under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- A. vagume0
- Interactor
- A. vagumAcrocalymma vagume0symbiont
- Outcome
- biomass and root architecturee0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. vagum and S. lignicola inoculation significantly promoted the biomass and root architecture of the two non-host plants under Cd stress”
t0“Medicago sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
S. lignicola inoculation promoted biomass and root architecture of both non-host plants under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- Ammopiptanthus mongolicusAmmopiptanthus mongolicust0
- Treatment
- S. lignicola inoculatione0
- Interactor
- S. lignicolaScytalidium lignicolae0symbiont
- Outcome
- biomass and root architecturee0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. vagum and S. lignicola inoculation significantly promoted the biomass and root architecture of the two non-host plants under Cd stress”
t0“Ammopiptanthus mongolicus”
Claim · model-written summary
A. vagum inoculation increased total nitrogen in A. mongolicus.
- Taxon
- A. mongolicusAmmopiptanthus mongolicuse0
- Treatment
- A. vagum inoculatione0
- Interactor
- A. vagumAcrocalymma vagume0symbiont
- Outcome
- total nitrogene0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. vagum inoculation increased the total nitrogen of A. mongolicus”
Claim · model-written summary
S. lignicola inoculation significantly increased organic carbon in M. sativa.
- Taxon
- M. sativaMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- inoculation with S. lignicolae0
- Interactor
- S. lignicolaScytalidium lignicolae0symbiont
- Outcome
- organic carbone0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation with S. lignicola significantly increased the organic carbon of M. sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
DSE inoculation significantly increased Cd accumulation in plant tissues under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- DSEs inoculatione0
- Interactor
- DSEse0symbiont
- Outcome
- accumulation of Cd in plant tissuese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DSEs inoculation significantly improved the accumulation of Cd in plant tissues under Cd stress”
t0“Medicago sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer that DSE inoculation improved root growth and nutrient absorption under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- DSE inoculatione0
- Interactor
- DSEe0symbiont
- Outcome
- root growth and nutrient absorptione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DSE inoculation improved the root growth and nutrient absorption of non-host plants”
t0“Medicago sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer that DSE inoculation altered soil Cd concentration.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- DSE inoculatione1
- Outcome
- soil Cd concentratione0
- Qualifier
- alterede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“altered the soil Cd concentration”
e1“DSE inoculation improved the root growth and nutrient absorption of non-host plants”
t0“Medicago sativa”
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