Abstract
Field experiments were conducted at two locations in Indiana, from 1982 through 1985, in order to evaluate the use of winter annual cover crops in corn production. The cover crop species were hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), Austrian winter pea Pisum sativum spp. arvense (L.) Poir , and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Two seeding dates/methods were employed with each: early September/overseeded into standing corn, and October/drilled into corn stubble. Cover crops were sampled in mid-May, prior to planting corn, in order to estimate dry matter yields and to determine nitrogen content of aboveground plant tissues. Corn was planted into herbicide-killed covers as well as in no-till (NT) plots covered only by corn residue and in others which had been plowed in the spring (conventional tillage, CT). Nitrogen fertilizer (0, 45, 90, 135, 180 kg N ha('-1)) was applied, as anhydrous ammonia, to subplots within each tillage/cover crop whole-plot. Growth of the covers varied significantly with location and with year, reflecting annual differences in temperature and precipitation during winter and early spring. Results from the northern location (Wanatah, IN) indicated that spring regrowth would not provide adequate cover during the period prior to corn planting. At the south-central location (Bedford, IN), hairy vetch performed more consistently and seemed more resistant to winter-kill that did the other legume, Austrian winter pea. Only in 1985 did dry matter yields of all cover crops exceed 2000 kg ha('-1), with complete soil surface cover achieved by mid-March. Vetch dry matter yields were higher with overseeding; pea dry matter yields were higher with drilling. During the three years of this study, corn grain yields reflected little response to the higher rates of N fertilization. At Bedford, three-year averages of corn yields, averaged over N treatments, conformed to the following pattern with respect to tillage/cover crop treatment; NT/vetch > NT/pea > NT/wheat > NT/cover > CT. It should be noted that this period included a drought year, 1983, during which all NT treatments produced higher yields than the CT treatment. Estimates of nitrogen contributed by the legumes to the succeeding corn crop averaged 45 kg ha('-1) for pea and 64 kg ha('-1) for vetch.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crop growth varied significantly with location and year.
- Taxon
- cover cropse2
- Treatment
- locatione1
- Outcome
- Growth of the coverse1
- Qualifier
- reflecting annual differences in temperature and precipitation during winter and early springe1
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e1“Growth of the covers varied significantly with location and with year, reflecting annual differences in temperature and precipitation during winter and early spring”
e2“evaluate the use of winter annual cover crops in corn production”
Claim · model-written summary
At the northern location, spring regrowth would not provide adequate cover before corn planting.
Verbatim
e3“Results from the northern location (Wanatah, IN) indicated that spring regrowth would not provide adequate cover during the period prior to corn planting”
e2“evaluate the use of winter annual cover crops in corn production”
Claim · model-written summary
Hairy vetch was more resistant to winter-kill than Austrian winter pea at Bedford.
- Taxon
- hairy vetch
Vicia villosae4 - Outcome
- winter-kille4
- Direction
- more resistante4
- Comparator
- Austrian winter peae4
- Setting
- south-central location (Bedford, IN)e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“At the south-central location (Bedford, IN), hairy vetch performed more consistently and seemed more resistant to winter-kill that did the other legume, Austrian winter pea”
Claim · model-written summary
Hairy vetch performed more consistently than Austrian winter pea at Bedford.
- Taxon
- hairy vetchVicia villosae4
- Outcome
- performede4
- Direction
- more consistentlye4
- Comparator
- Austrian winter peae4
- Setting
- south-central location (Bedford, IN)e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“At the south-central location (Bedford, IN), hairy vetch performed more consistently and seemed more resistant to winter-kill that did the other legume, Austrian winter pea”
Claim · model-written summary
Vetch dry matter yields were higher with overseeding.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e5“Vetch dry matter yields were higher with overseeding”
Claim · model-written summary
Pea dry matter yields were higher with drilling.
- Taxon
- pea
Lathyrus oleraceuse6 - Treatment
- drillinge6
- Outcome
- dry matter yieldse6
- Direction
- highere6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“pea dry matter yields were higher with drilling”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn grain yields showed little response to higher rates of N fertilization.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse7 - Treatment
- higher rates of N fertilizatione7
- Outcome
- corn grain yieldse7
- Direction
- little responsee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“corn grain yields reflected little response to the higher rates of N fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
In the 1983 drought year, all no-till treatments produced higher corn yields than conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- NT treatmentse1
- Outcome
- yieldse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- drought year, 1983e1
- Comparator
- CT treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“It should be noted that this period included a drought year, 1983, during which all NT treatments produced higher yields than the CT treatment”
e2“three-year averages of corn yields”
Claim · model-written summary
At Bedford, three-year average corn yields followed the ranking NT/vetch > NT/pea > NT/wheat > NT/cover > CT.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- tillage/cover crop treatmente1
- Outcome
- three-year averages of corn yieldse1
- Direction
- NT/vetch > NT/pea > NT/wheat > NT/cover > CTe1
- Comparator
- CTe1
- Setting
- Bedforde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“At Bedford, three-year averages of corn yields, averaged over N treatments, conformed to the following pattern with respect to tillage/cover crop treatment; NT/vetch > NT/pea > NT/wheat > NT/cover > CT”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1985 the dry matter yields of all cover crops exceeded 2000 kg per ha.
Verbatim
e1“Only in 1985 did dry matter yields of all cover crops exceed 2000 kg ha('-1), with complete soil surface cover achieved by mid-March”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1985 complete soil surface cover of the cover crops was achieved by mid-March.
Verbatim
e1“Only in 1985 did dry matter yields of all cover crops exceed 2000 kg ha('-1), with complete soil surface cover achieved by mid-March”
Claim · model-written summary
Pea contributed an estimated 45 kg N per ha to the succeeding corn crop.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Outcome
- nitrogen contributed by the legumes to the succeeding corn crope1
- Value
- 45 kg ha('-1)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Estimates of nitrogen contributed by the legumes to the succeeding corn crop averaged 45 kg ha('-1) for pea and 64 kg ha('-1) for vetch”
Claim · model-written summary
Vetch contributed an estimated 64 kg N per ha to the succeeding corn crop.
Verbatim
e1“Estimates of nitrogen contributed by the legumes to the succeeding corn crop averaged 45 kg ha('-1) for pea and 64 kg ha('-1) for vetch”
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