Abstract
In the struggle to survive herbivory by leaf-feeding insects, plants employ multiple strategies to defend themselves. One mechanism by which plants increase resistance is by intensifying their responsiveness in the production of certain defense agents to create a rapid response. Known as defense priming, this action can accelerate and amplify responses of metabolic pathways, providing plants with long-lasting resistance, especially when faced with waves of attack. In the work presented, short-lived radiotracers of carbon administered as 11CO2 and nitrogen administered as 13NH3 were applied in Nicotiana tabacum, to examine the temporal changes in ‘new’ C/N utilization in the biosynthesis of key amino acids (AAs). Responses were induced by using topical application of the defense hormone jasmonic acid (JA). After a single treatment, metabolic partitioning of recently fixed carbon (designated ‘new’ carbon and reflected as 11C) increased through the shikimate pathway, giving rise to tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan. Amplification in ‘new’ carbon fluxes preceded changes in the endogenous (12C) pools of these AAs. Testing after serial JA treatments revealed that fluxes of ‘new’ carbon were accelerated, amplified and sustained over time at this higher rate, suggesting a priming effect. Similar results were observed with recently assimilated nitrogen (designated ‘new’ nitrogen reflected as 13N) with its partitioning into serine, glycine and glutamine, which play important roles supporting the shikimate pathway and downstream secondary metabolism. Finally, X-ray fluorescence imaging revealed that levels of the element Mn, an important co-factor for enzyme regulation in the shikimate pathway, increased within JA treated tissues, suggesting a link between plant metal ion regulation and C/N metabolic priming.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Jasmonic acid treatment increased new carbon incorporation into tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan in Nicotiana tabacum.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacum
Nicotiana tabacume1 - Treatment
- topical application of the defense hormone jasmonic acid (JA)e0
- Outcome
- tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophane2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Responses were induced by using topical application of the defense hormone jasmonic acid (JA)”
e1“short-lived radiotracers of carbon administered as 11CO2 and nitrogen administered as 13NH3 were applied in Nicotiana tabacum”
e2“increased through the shikimate pathway, giving rise to tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan”
Claim · model-written summary
Serial jasmonic acid treatments accelerated, amplified and sustained new carbon fluxes in Nicotiana tabacum.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- serial JA treatmentse4
- Outcome
- fluxese4
- Direction
- acceleratede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“short-lived radiotracers of carbon administered as 11CO2 and nitrogen administered as 13NH3 were applied in Nicotiana tabacum”
e4“Testing after serial JA treatments revealed that fluxes of”
e5“were accelerated, amplified and sustained over time at this higher rate, suggesting a priming effect”
Claim · model-written summary
New carbon fluxes preceded changes in the endogenous carbon-12 pools of amino acids after a single jasmonic acid treatment.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- topical application of the defense hormone jasmonic acid (JA)e0
- Outcome
- endogenous (12C) pools of these AAse3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Responses were induced by using topical application of the defense hormone jasmonic acid (JA)”
e1“short-lived radiotracers of carbon administered as 11CO2 and nitrogen administered as 13NH3 were applied in Nicotiana tabacum”
e3“preceded changes in the endogenous (12C) pools of these AAs”
Claim · model-written summary
Jasmonic acid treatment increased recently assimilated nitrogen partitioning into serine, glycine and glutamine in Nicotiana tabacum.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- topical application of the defense hormone jasmonic acid (JA)e0
- Outcome
- serine, glycine and glutaminee7
- Direction
- increaseinferrede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Responses were induced by using topical application of the defense hormone jasmonic acid (JA)”
e1“short-lived radiotracers of carbon administered as 11CO2 and nitrogen administered as 13NH3 were applied in Nicotiana tabacum”
e6“Similar results were observed with recently assimilated nitrogen”
e7“with its partitioning into serine, glycine and glutamine”
Claim · model-written summary
Jasmonic acid treatment increased manganese levels in treated Nicotiana tabacum tissues.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- JA treated tissuese7
- Outcome
- levels of the element Mne7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“short-lived radiotracers of carbon administered as 11CO2 and nitrogen administered as 13NH3 were applied in Nicotiana tabacum”
e7“X-ray fluorescence imaging revealed that levels of the element Mn, an important co-factor for enzyme regulation in the shikimate pathway, increased within JA treated tissues, suggesting a link between plant metal ion regulation and C/N metabolic priming”
Claim · model-written summary
Manganese regulation may link plant metal ion regulation to C/N metabolic priming in Nicotiana tabacum.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacume1
- Compound
- Mne7
- Outcome
- C/N metabolic priminge7
- Qualifier
- plant metal ion regulatione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“short-lived radiotracers of carbon administered as 11CO2 and nitrogen administered as 13NH3 were applied in Nicotiana tabacum”
e7“X-ray fluorescence imaging revealed that levels of the element Mn, an important co-factor for enzyme regulation in the shikimate pathway, increased within JA treated tissues, suggesting a link between plant metal ion regulation and C/N metabolic priming”
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