Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes Fusarium head blight in small-grain cereals, such as wheat, with significant yield reductions. Moreover, it contaminates the cereal grains with health-threatening mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON), jeopardizing food and feed safety. Plant-based biopesticides, i.e. botanicals, have recently gained increased interest in crop protection as alternatives to synthetic chemical products. The main objective of this study was to test the control efficacy of botanicals based on white or Indian/oriental mustard seed flours (Tillecur - Ti, Pure Yellow Mustard - PYM, Pure Oriental Mustard - POM, Oriental Mustard Bran - OMB) on F. graminearum infection and mycotoxin accumulation in wheat grain. Botanicals at 2 % concentration showed a higher efficacy in inhibiting mycelium growth in vitro compared with a prothioconazole fungicide (F). In the growth chamber experiment under controlled conditions, the spraying agents reduced DON content in grain in the following order: F = Ti = PYM > POM > OMB. The antifungal activity of the botanicals may be attributed to their bioactive matrices containing isothiocyanates (ITCs) and phenolic acids. Allyl ITC was detected in POM and OMB at 8.38 and 4.48 mg g-1, while p-hydroxybenzyl ITC was found in Ti and PYM at 2.56 and 2.44 mg g-1, respectively. Considerable amounts of various phenolic acids were detected in all botanicals. Under field conditions, only the use of F significantly decreased F. graminearum infection and DON content in grain. An additional important finding of this study is that disease control was more difficult when infection was done with ascospores than conidia, which might have several potential implications considering that ascospores are more important in Fusarium head blight epidemics. Our results suggest that mustard-based botanicals are promising biopesticides for the control of Fusarium head blight in small-grain cereals, but for field applications, an appropriate formulation is necessary to stabilize and prolong the antifungal activity, especially against ascospores.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
At 2%, the botanicals inhibited fungal mycelium growth in vitro more than fungicide F.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Botanicals at 2 % concentratione0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearum
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium graminearumt0pathogen - Outcome
- mycelium growthe0
- Direction
- higher efficacy in inhibitinge0
- Comparator
- prothioconazole fungicide (F)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Botanicals at 2 % concentration showed a higher efficacy in inhibiting mycelium growth in vitro compared with a prothioconazole fungicide (F).”
t0“Fusarium graminearum in Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In a growth chamber, fungicide F reduced grain DON content most strongly, tied with Ti and PYM.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Fe0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- DON content in graine0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- POM > OMBe0
- Setting
- growth chambere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the growth chamber experiment under controlled conditions, the spraying agents reduced DON content in grain in the following order: F = Ti = PYM > POM > OMB.”
t0“Fusarium graminearum in Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ti reduced grain DON content in the growth chamber, tied with F and PYM.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Tie0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- DON content in graine0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- POM > OMBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the spraying agents reduced DON content in grain in the following order: F = Ti = PYM > POM > OMB.”
t0“Fusarium graminearum in Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
PYM reduced grain DON content in the growth chamber, tied with F and Ti.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PYMe0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- DON content in graine0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- POM > OMBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the spraying agents reduced DON content in grain in the following order: F = Ti = PYM > POM > OMB.”
t0“Fusarium graminearum in Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
POM reduced grain DON content less than F, Ti, and PYM but more than OMB.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- POMe0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- DON content in graine0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- OMBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the spraying agents reduced DON content in grain in the following order: F = Ti = PYM > POM > OMB.”
t0“Fusarium graminearum in Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
OMB gave the weakest reduction in grain DON content among the spraying agents.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- OMBe0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- DON content in graine0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- POMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the spraying agents reduced DON content in grain in the following order: F = Ti = PYM > POM > OMB.”
t0“Fusarium graminearum in Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Allyl ITC was detected in POM at 8.38 mg g-1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Allyl ITC was detected in POMe0
- Value
- 8.38e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Allyl ITC was detected in POM and OMB at 8.38 and 4.48 mg g-1”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Allyl ITC was detected in OMB at 4.48 mg g-1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Allyl ITC was detected in POM and OMBe0
- Value
- 4.48 mg g-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Allyl ITC was detected in POM and OMB at 8.38 and 4.48 mg g-1”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
p-hydroxybenzyl ITC was found in Ti at 2.56 mg g-1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- p-hydroxybenzyl ITC was found in Tie0
- Value
- 2.56e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“p-hydroxybenzyl ITC was found in Ti and PYM at 2.56 and 2.44 mg g-1”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
p-hydroxybenzyl ITC was found in PYM at 2.44 mg g-1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- p-hydroxybenzyl ITC was found in Ti and PYMe0
- Value
- 2.44 mg g-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“p-hydroxybenzyl ITC was found in Ti and PYM at 2.56 and 2.44 mg g-1”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Various phenolic acids were detected in every botanical.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- phenolic acids were detected in all botanicalse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Considerable amounts of various phenolic acids were detected in all botanicals.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Only F significantly decreased Fusarium graminearum infection in the field.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Fe0
- Interactor
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- F. graminearum infectione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under field conditions, only the use of F significantly decreased F. graminearum infection and DON content in grain.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Only F significantly decreased grain DON content in the field.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Fe0
- Interactor
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- DON content in graine0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under field conditions, only the use of F significantly decreased F. graminearum infection and DON content in grain.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease control was more difficult after ascospore inoculation than conidial inoculation.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease controle0
- Direction
- more difficulte0
- Qualifier
- ascosporese0
- Comparator
- conidiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“disease control was more difficult when infection was done with ascospores than conidia”
t0“Fusarium graminearum in Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend formulation development to stabilize mustard botanical activity for field use.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- an appropriate formulation is necessary to stabilize and prolong the antifungal activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for field applications, an appropriate formulation is necessary to stabilize and prolong the antifungal activity, especially against ascospores.”
t0“Fusarium graminearum in Wheat”
The same questions in other papers
botanical · Fusarium graminearum · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
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