Abstract
Crop diseases caused by Fusarium graminearum threaten crop production in both commercial and smallholder farming. F. graminearum produces deoxynivalenol mycotoxin, which is stable during food and feed processing. Therefore, the best way to prevent the sporulation of pathogens is to develop new prevention strategies. Plant-based pesticides, i.e., natural fungicides, have recently gained interest in crop protection as alternatives to synthetic fungicides. Herein we show that treatment with the methanolic extract of medicinal plant Zanthoxylum bungeanum (M20 extract), decreased F. graminearum growth and abrogated DON production. The F. graminearum DNA levels were monitored by a quantitative TaqMan real-time PCR, while DON accumulation was assessed by HPLC quantification. This M20 extract was mainly composed of four flavonoids: quercetin, epicatechin, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, and hyperoside. The in vitro bioassay, which measured the percent inhibition of fungal growth, showed that co-inoculation of four F. graminearum strains with the M20 extract inhibited the fungal growth up to 48.5%. After biocontrol treatments, F. graminearum DNA level was reduced up to 85.5% compared to that of wheat heads, which received F. graminearum mixture only. Moreover, DON production was decreased in wheat heads by 73% after biocontrol treatment; meanwhile in wheat heads inoculated with F. graminearum conidia, an average of 2.263 ± 0.8 mg/kg DON was detected. Overall, this study is a successful case from in vitro research to in planta, giving useful information for wheat protection against F. graminearum responsible for Fusarium Head Blight and DON accumulation in grains. Further studies are needed to study the mechanism by which M20 extract inhibited the DON production and what changes happened to the DON biosynthetic pathway genes.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro, co-inoculation with the M20 extract inhibited growth of four F. graminearum strains by up to 48.5%.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- M20 extracte2
- Interactor
- F. graminearum
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium graminearume2pathogen - Outcome
- fungal growthe2
- Direction
- inhibitede2
- Value
- 48.5%e2
- Setting
- in vitroe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat”
e2“The in vitro bioassay, which measured the percent inhibition of fungal growth, showed that co-inoculation of four F. graminearum strains with the M20 extract inhibited the fungal growth up to 48.5%”
Claim · model-written summary
After biocontrol treatments, F. graminearum DNA level in wheat heads was reduced by up to 85.5% compared with wheat heads given F. graminearum only.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- biocontrol treatmentse3
- Interactor
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume3pathogen
- Outcome
- F. graminearum DNA levele3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 85.5%e3
- Comparator
- wheat heads, which received F. graminearum mixture onlye3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“After biocontrol treatments, F. graminearum DNA level was reduced up to 85.5% compared to that of wheat heads, which received F. graminearum mixture only”
Claim · model-written summary
After biocontrol treatment, DON production in wheat heads was decreased by 73%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume4
- Treatment
- biocontrol treatmente4
- Outcome
- DON productione4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Value
- 73%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Moreover, DON production was decreased in wheat heads by 73% after biocontrol treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
In wheat heads inoculated with F. graminearum conidia, DON averaged 2.263 ± 0.8 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume5
- Interactor
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume5pathogen
- Outcome
- DONe5
- Value
- 2.263 ± 0.8 mg/kge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“in wheat heads inoculated with F. graminearum conidia, an average of 2.263 ± 0.8 mg/kg DON was detected”
Claim · model-written summary
The M20 extract of Zanthoxylum bungeanum was mainly composed of four flavonoids: quercetin, epicatechin, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside and hyperoside.
- Taxon
- Zanthoxylum bungeanum
Zanthoxylum bungeanume1 - Material
- M20 extracte6
- Outcome
- four flavonoidse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“This M20 extract was mainly composed of four flavonoids: quercetin, epicatechin, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, and hyperoside”
e1“treatment with the methanolic extract of medicinal plant Zanthoxylum bungeanum (M20 extract), decreased F. graminearum growth and abrogated DON production”
Claim · model-written summary
The methanolic extract of Zanthoxylum bungeanum abrogated DON production in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- methanolic extract of medicinal plant Zanthoxylum bungeanum (M20 extract)e1
- Outcome
- DON productione1
- Direction
- abrogatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat”
e1“treatment with the methanolic extract of medicinal plant Zanthoxylum bungeanum (M20 extract), decreased F. graminearum growth and abrogated DON production”
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