Abstract
We used a constant total N application base rate to conduct a two-year field experiment comparing the effects of three organic fertilizers (rapeseed meal (RSM), soybean meal (SBM), and cattle manure (CM)) on the crop yield, economic growth, and soil quality of a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system. Winter wheat and summer maize in rapeseed meal treatment (RSMT), soybean meal treatment (SBMT), and cattle manure treatment (CMT) showed yield increases of 161%, 299%, and 256%, respectively, when compared to no organic fertilizer treatment (CK) ( P < 0.05). The annual net incomes of SBMT and CMT were 1.46 and 1.42 times higher, respectively, than RSMT. Compared to the results of the CK group, RSM, SBM, and CM stimulated the soil physically, chemically, and biologically. We found the highest soil macroaggregate proportions, soil organic matter (SOM) levels, total N (TN) levels, and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) levels in SBMT. The highest soil pH, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) levels, and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) levels were observed in CMT. We used a soil quality index (SQI) to evaluate soil quality. After the two-year fertilization treatments, we calculated the SQI using a minimum data set (MDS). We used SOM levels and actinomycete quantity for the MDS properties. The SQI values were significantly different across the four treatments, with the highest values occurring in SBMT, then CMT and RSMT. In conclusion, SBM and CM were more effective than RSM at maintaining crop yield, economic growth, and soil quality.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Rapeseed meal treatment increased winter wheat and summer maize yield by 161% relative to no organic fertilizer
- Taxon
- Winter wheat and summer maize
Triticum aestivum
Zea mayse1 - Treatment
- rapeseed meal treatment (RSMT)e1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increasese1
- Value
- 161%e1
- Comparator
- no organic fertilizer treatment (CK)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on the crop yield, economic growth, and soil quality of a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system”
e1“Winter wheat and summer maize in rapeseed meal treatment (RSMT), soybean meal treatment (SBMT), and cattle manure treatment (CMT) showed yield increases of 161%, 299%, and 256%, respectively, when compared to no organic fertilizer treatment (CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean meal treatment increased winter wheat and summer maize yield by 299% relative to no organic fertilizer
- Taxon
- Winter wheat and summer maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayse1
- Treatment
- soybean meal treatment (SBMT)e1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increasese1
- Value
- 299%e1
- Comparator
- no organic fertilizer treatment (CK)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on the crop yield, economic growth, and soil quality of a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system”
e1“Winter wheat and summer maize in rapeseed meal treatment (RSMT), soybean meal treatment (SBMT), and cattle manure treatment (CMT) showed yield increases of 161%, 299%, and 256%, respectively, when compared to no organic fertilizer treatment (CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cattle manure treatment increased winter wheat and summer maize yield by 256% relative to no organic fertilizer
- Taxon
- Winter wheat and summer maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayse1
- Treatment
- cattle manure treatment (CMT)e1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increasese1
- Value
- 256%e1
- Comparator
- no organic fertilizer treatment (CK)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on the crop yield, economic growth, and soil quality of a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system”
e1“Winter wheat and summer maize in rapeseed meal treatment (RSMT), soybean meal treatment (SBMT), and cattle manure treatment (CMT) showed yield increases of 161%, 299%, and 256%, respectively, when compared to no organic fertilizer treatment (CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual net income under soybean meal treatment was 1.46 times that under rapeseed meal treatment
Verbatim
e0“on the crop yield, economic growth, and soil quality of a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system”
e2“The annual net incomes of SBMT and CMT were 1.46 and 1.42 times higher, respectively, than RSMT”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual net income under cattle manure treatment was 1.42 times that under rapeseed meal treatment
Verbatim
e0“on the crop yield, economic growth, and soil quality of a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system”
e2“The annual net incomes of SBMT and CMT were 1.46 and 1.42 times higher, respectively, than RSMT”
Claim · model-written summary
Rapeseed meal, soybean meal and cattle manure stimulated soil physical, chemical and biological properties relative to the control group
Verbatim
e0“on the crop yield, economic growth, and soil quality of a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system”
e3“Compared to the results of the CK group, RSM, SBM, and CM stimulated the soil physically, chemically, and biologically”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean meal treatment gave the highest soil macroaggregate proportions, soil organic matter and total N levels
- Taxon
- winter wheat-summer maizee0
- Treatment
- SBMTe4
- Outcome
- soil macroaggregate proportions, soil organic matter (SOM) levels, total N (TN) levelse4
- Direction
- higheste4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“on the crop yield, economic growth, and soil quality of a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system”
e4“We found the highest soil macroaggregate proportions, soil organic matter (SOM) levels, total N (TN) levels, and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) levels in SBMT”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean meal treatment gave the highest phospholipid fatty acid levels in soil
- Taxon
- winter wheat-summer maizee0
- Treatment
- SBMTe4
- Outcome
- phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) levelse4
- Direction
- higheste4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“on the crop yield, economic growth, and soil quality of a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system”
e4“We found the highest soil macroaggregate proportions, soil organic matter (SOM) levels, total N (TN) levels, and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) levels in SBMT”
Claim · model-written summary
Cattle manure treatment gave the highest soil pH and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen levels
- Taxon
- winter wheat-summer maizee0
- Treatment
- CMTe5
- Outcome
- soil pH, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) levels, and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) levelse5
- Direction
- higheste5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“on the crop yield, economic growth, and soil quality of a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system”
e5“The highest soil pH, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) levels, and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) levels were observed in CMT”
Claim · model-written summary
The soil quality index values differed significantly among the four fertilizer treatments
Verbatim
e0“on the crop yield, economic growth, and soil quality of a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system”
e6“The SQI values were significantly different across the four treatments, with the highest values occurring in SBMT, then CMT and RSMT”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil quality index was highest under soybean meal treatment, then cattle manure and rapeseed meal treatment
Verbatim
e0“on the crop yield, economic growth, and soil quality of a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system”
e6“The SQI values were significantly different across the four treatments, with the highest values occurring in SBMT, then CMT and RSMT”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean meal and cattle manure were more effective than rapeseed meal at maintaining crop yield, economic growth and soil quality
Verbatim
e0“on the crop yield, economic growth, and soil quality of a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system”
e7“In conclusion, SBM and CM were more effective than RSM at maintaining crop yield, economic growth, and soil quality”
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